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Fracture, fatigue, and creep of metals
Published in Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos, Physical Metallurgy, 2018
RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. In 1985, 73 years later, Robert Ballard from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, discovered the ship. This gave the opportunity to investigate the steel used for the construction of the Titanic. The results of this investigation, by Felkins, Leighly and Jankovic1, indicated that the material exhibited similar yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and tensile ductility as A36 steel, which is used in today’s modern shipbuilding. However the Titanic steel was inferior to notch toughness and exhibited a considerably higher DBTT than A36 steel, 32°C for the Titanic steel compared with −27°C for A36 steel. This difference in DBTT was caused by the lower Mn : S ratio in the Titanic steel, which was only 6.8 compared with 14.9 for A36 steel. The reduced notch toughness caused extended cracking of the shell, after the collision, leading to flooding of several compartments of the ship.
Connections
Published in Abi Aghayere, Jason Vigil, Structural Wood Design ASD/LRFD, 2017
where: Fu=ultimate tensile strength=58,000psi for ASTM A36 steel,1/4in. and thicker=45,000psi, three gage and thinner ASTM A653, grade 33 $$ \begin{array}{lll} {F_{u} } \hfill & { = \,{\text{ultimate tensile strength}}} \hfill \\ {} \hfill & { = 58,000\,{\text{psi for ASTM A36 steel,}}1/4{\text{~in}}{\text{. and thicker}}} \hfill \\ {} \hfill & { = 45,000\,{\text{psi, three gage and thinner ASTM A653, grade 33}}} \hfill \\ \end{array} $$
Small-Strain Plasticity
Published in Michael R. Gosz, Finite Element Method, 2017
In other words, the initial yield stress in shear must be related to the initial yield stress in tension through equation (9.43). Fortunately, the relationship (9.43) above has been borne out for ductile metals through experimentation. As an example, the initial yield stress in tension for ASTM-A36 steel is approximately 36,000 psi. The initial yield stress in shear is approximately 21,000 psi, which is in very good agreement with the relation (9.43) (see, e.g., [20]).
Acoustic Properties of Steel Bridge Base Metals
Published in Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 2021
Curtis J. Schroeder, Robert J. Connor, Bridget M. Crowley, Glenn A. Washer
Since inspection of bridge butt welds is typically performed using shear waves, shear wave attenuation was investigated at 45°, 60°, and 70° incidence angles when using conventional UT and PAUT. Ten steel specimens were fabricated and tested using conventional UT and PAUT. Table 2 outlines the samples tested and their properties. Two specimens, ID 36 and ID 50, represented the most and least attenuating specimens, respectively, included in the pilot experimental field tests. ID 36 was a “historical” A36 steel, ID 50 was a modern A709 Gr. 50 steel. Further, eight additional specimens from “modern” high-performance steel grades (i.e., HPS) were also added to the evaluation. Three of the specimens were of the quenched and tempered (QT) variety, while five of the specimens were produced using the thermo-mechanically controlled process (TMCP).
Energy absorbing cab guards for log trucks
Published in International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2021
C. Kevin Lyons, Ali Tabei, Samaneh Sobhani
Two criteria for failure are used in this study. The first failure criterion is the lateral displacement of the cab guard toward the cab. There is approximately 0.25 m of clearance between the cab guard and the truck cab. Failure is defined as a 0.25 m lateral displacement of the cab guard, and since the guard tends to rotate about its base this displacement is defined at the top of the guard. The second failure criterion is a stress component that exceeds the yield strength of the material. The stress fields generated in the cab guard are three-dimensional and it is not possible to know the failure plane a priori, thus, von-Mises equivalent stress is used with the assumption if the von-Mises equivalent stress exceeds the axial yield stress found in small sample testing then the material will yield. The yield stress of ASTM A36 steel is 250 MPa (ASTM International 2019).
Weaving technique applied in submerged arc welding process: metallurgical analysis
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Tiago Vieira Da Cunha, Hélio Ormeu Ribeiro, Felipe José Dos Santos
In GTAW welding of magnesium alloys (AZ31 and AZ91), Yuan et al.[16] also obtained significant grain refinement by employing magnetic (transverse) oscillation of the arc. According to their obtained cooling curves, that is because the weaving movement causes, during the solidification of the molten pool, the reheating of the material and a temperature gradient reduction, which, in turn, leads to dendritic fragmentation, due to the fusion of the dendritic branches, and the growth of equiaxial grains, due to the increase of the constitutional supercooling. Similar results were obtained by Yuan et al.[17] Alterations in the weld metal grain morphology (columnar to equiaxial) were observed by Mahajan et al.[18] when applying mechanical weaving to the GTAW welding of ASTM A36 steel, which the authors attribute to the significant increase in the ductility of the obtained weld metal.