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Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
sec-Butanol (2-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, CH3CHOHCH2CH3), is a liquid with a strong characteristic odor. Its normal boiling point is 99.5°C (211°F), which is near to water’s. The alcohol is soluble in water but less so than isopropyl and ethyl alcohols. sec-Butanol is produced by a reaction of sulfuric acid with a mixture of n-butylenes followed by hydrolysis. Both 1-butylene and cis-2-butylene and trans-2-butylene yield the same carbocation intermediate, which further reacts with the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or solutions, to produce a sulfate mixture.
Alcohol Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Gnouyaro P. Assima, Ingrid Zamboni, Jean-Michel Lavoie, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
2-Butanol, or sec-butanol, is essentially produced from the hydration of 1- or 2-butene. The concept is once again quite comparable to what was previously reported for IPA production from propene. In opposition to 1-butanol, 2-butanol exists as two stereoisomers, both of which have very comparable chemical properties. Billing reported that the tendency for the production of 2-butanol is to use raffinate II as feedstock since it is cheaper than using clean n-butenes. Raffinate II refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene and isobutylene from C4 raffinate stream. It mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene 50~60 wt%, 1-butene 10~15 wt%, and n-butane ~20 wt%. Usually, it may contain other compounds such as butadiene and isobutylene that have to be removed prior to utilization for obvious reasons. It was reported that the DEA Mineraloel company is currently operating a 2-butanol plant through direct hydration of n-butene using a proprietary catalyst (Billing 2001). The latter could possibly be the sulfonated styrene divinylbenzene copolymer filed in the 1976 Deutsche Texaco patent, which also reported the production of 2-propanol (Webers et al. 1976). 2-Butanol is used almost exclusively (90%) for the production of methyl ethyl ketone as well as a solvent for industrial applications (Billing 2001).
Waste coconut oil methyl ester with and without additives as an alternative fuel in diesel engine at two different injection pressures
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar, Asif Afzal, Mohammed Kareemullah
n-Butyl alcohol or butanol is a primary alcohol consisting of a four-carbon chain structure and the formula is C4H9OH. Its isomers of n-butanol include tert-butanol, 2-butanol, and iso-butanol. Butanol is basically a petrochemical and is produced from propylene. n-Butanol is used as a replacement for diesel and gasoline. It is also known for its use as a biofuel, 85% of butanol can be used in cars which solely run on diesel and petrol, without any engine modification, and more energy output than ethanol. Butanol is added to diesel fuel to minimize the soot emissions. Commercially available n-butanol was procured from Sigma Aldrich. at 105 USD/l. Iso-butanol is a transparent and inflammable fluid with a distinctive smell, it is directly used as a solvent or as its esters. Iso-butanol has a IUPAC name 2-methylpropan-1-ol, it is an organic compound and an aliphatic alcohol with the chemical formula (CH3)2CHCH2OH (also represented as i-BuOH). Its isomers consist of tert-butanol, n-butanol, and 2-butanol and all are mainly used for industrial purposes as a solvent in chemical reactions and in organic synthesis.