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Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The Institut Français du Pétrole process is used to produce butylene-1 (1-butene) by dimerizing ethylene. A homogeneous catalyst system based on a titanium complex is used. The reaction is a concerted coupling of two molecules on a titanium atom, affording a titanium (IV) cyclic compound, which then decomposes to 1-butylene by an intramolecular hydrogen transfer reaction.
A review on solid base heterogeneous catalysts: preparation, characterization and applications
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
Diksha K. Jambhulkar, Rajendra P. Ugwekar, Bharat A. Bhanvase, Divya P. Barai
Isomerization of alkenes and complex structure of alkenes extended to double bond migration was done by using solid base catalysts. In order to explain the reaction mechanism and properties, 1-butene was widely studied over several solid base catalysts. Isomerization occurs without cleavage of C-C bond, since the feature of C-C bond cleavage was absent in basic catalyst. Industrial processes, such as olefin conversion, require isomerization of 1-butene. But, 1-butene remains unreacted when treated with ethylene. Thus, solid base catalysts are used to conduct the double bond isomerization of such unsaturated hydrocarbons. The reaction starts with the loss of H+ ion from third carbon atom of 1-butene with the aid of basic sites of catalysts to form trans or cis allylic anion as shown in Figure 21 (Hattori 2015). The concentration of formation of cis allylic anion was higher due to higher stability than that of trans. Further addition of H+ ion to trans and cis allylic anion resulted in formation of trans-2-butene and cis-2-butene, respectively. Here, intramolecular H transfer took place. The H+ ion which was initially released by 1-butene molecule returns to the same molecule in order to form isomerized molecule of 1-butene.