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Using a Recombinant Metagenomic Lipase for Enantiomeric Separation of Pharmaceutically Important Drug Intermediates
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Rakesh Kumar, Uttam Chand Banerjee, Jagdeep Kaur
When the reaction was performed in the presence of hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, also known as BMIM-PF6, maximum conversion and enantiomeric excess of the product and substrate (C = 75.03%, eeP = 30.3%, and eeS = 91.14%) were achieved just after 1 h of the reaction (Fig. 3.13A). The reaction performed in presence of hydrophilic ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) yielded maximum conversion and enantiomeric excess of the product and substrate after 1 h and 15 min (C = 66.09 and 52.44%, eeP = 50.57 and 84.3%, and eeS = 98.6 and 93%) (Figs. 3.13B,C). Thus, the enzyme showed very high catalytic transesterification efficiency.
Electrochromics: Processing of Conjugated Polymers and Device Fabrication on Semi-Rigid, Flexible, and Stretchable Substrates
Published in John R. Reynolds, Barry C. Thompson, Terje A. Skotheim, Conjugated Polymers, 2019
Matthew Baczkowski, Sneh Sinha, Mengfang Li, Gregory Sotzing
Lithium salts are the most commonly used salts in GPE since they have excellent dissolution properties and can travel in the medium with high mobility. Commonly used salts for ECDs include lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTrif), lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide (LiTFSI), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4). Ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6) can also be used for EC applications. It has previously been reported that devices prepared from the most conductive gel matrix will also have the highest contrast12 A more mobile electrolyte contributes to a higher charge density during polymerization of the EC monomer, thereby leading to an increased doping level in the ECP.130,131
Improving the reusability of an immobilized lipase-ionic liquid system for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Yusuf Abdi, Reem Shomal, Hanifa Taher, Sulaiman Al-Zuhair
Commercial-grade palm oil was obtained from a local supermarket, and was used as the triglyceride source. Analytical-grade methanol with a purity of ≥ 99% was obtained from Fisher Chemicals, USA, and was used as the main alkyl acceptor. Novozym®435 (LC200289, immobilized lipase from Candida Antarctica B supported on acrylic resin beads) was a gift kindly provided by Novozymes, Denmark. According to the supplier, it has a catalytic activity of 11,900 PLU g−1 (propyl laurate units per gram) with optimum operating temperature between 30 and 50°C [33]. n-hexane (purity of 96%) was obtained from DAEJUNG Co., Korea. The ionic liquid used in this work was 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], with a purity ≥ 99%, obtained from io-li-tec, Germany. 1-Butanol (99% assay) and a standard solution of high-purity fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) consisting of 4% myristic acid (C14:0), 10% palmitic acid (C16:0), 6% stearic acid (C18:0), 35% oleic acid (C18:1), 36% linoleic acid (C18:2), and 2% arachidonic acid (C20:0) and behenic acid (C22:0) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, USA. Zero air (ultra-pure) was supplied by Abu-Dhabi Oxygen Company, UAE, and high-purity helium was supplied by Air Product Company, UAE.
The macroscopic and microscopic effects of imidazolium ionic liquids on blood and their interactions with serum albumins
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Qing He, Xu Peng, Wanhang Jiang, Sara Toufouki, Shun Yao
In consequence, four ILs with various lengths of cationic chain were investigated while the anion was unchanged as PF6−. Therefore, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Emim]PF6), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6), and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Omim]PF6) were selected to compare their influence on the same indicators above. When the blood clotting index of the control was regarded as 100%, it would decrease and become 73.35% ([Emim]PF6), 87.74% ([Bmim]PF6) and 97.85% ([Omim]PF6) after the blood was mixed with corresponding ILs with same concentration (1.5 mmol/L), respectively (see Figure 2(a)). Besides, the blood clotting index rises with the increase of carbon chain length, indicating that the longer the carbon chain, the worse the hemostatic performance. According to Figure 2(b), the hemolysis rate of [Emim]PF6, [Bmim]PF6 and [Omim]PF6 is 0.45%, 0.82% and 13.30%, respectively. As a result, [Emim]PF6 and [Bmim]PF6 have minimal hemolytic ability at the experimental concentration, while [Omim]PF6 should be marked as a hemolytic substance wrecking the integrity of the cell membrane because the hemolysis rate is higher than 5% (21). Thus, the blood clotting index and hemolysis rate are obviously changed by this kind of IL (20). At the same time, the longer the alkyl chain of ILs, the stronger the destructive effect. Many studies have shown that the hydrophobic interaction of ILs is stronger with the increase of alkyl chain (17, 22–24), which means the stronger binding affinity of ILs toward the lipid bilayer. Therefore, the destruction of erythrocyte membranes and changes in permeability are more obvious.