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Rodent Models of Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Inducers, Symptoms, Inhibitors and Reaction Mechanisms
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
László Dézsi, László Rosivall, Péter Hamar, János Szebeni, Gábor Szénási
Zymosan is a ligand found on the surface of fungi, like yeast, and it is widely used to activate the alternative pathway of complement. It is a glucan with repeating glucose units connected by β-1,3-glycosidic linkages, which activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in resident macrophages via toll-like receptors [15]. Damas et al. performed a series of studies to explore the hemodynamic, pulmonary and hematologic effects of zymosan in rats, and reported the following changes [16–21]. Intravenous treatment with zymosan reduced serum C hemolytic activity and caused leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as decreased blood pressure and increased hematocrit as a result of extravasation of extracellular fluid in various vascular beds [16–21]. Most importantly, zymosan increased right ventricular systolic pressure and respiratory rate [18], which is also a key finding in pigs after liposome administration [22]. WEB 2086, a PAF antagonist, prevented the decreases in blood pressure and right ventricular systolic pressure, while indomethacin decreased the tachypnea and pulmonary hypertension but enhanced the drop in blood pressure and right ventricular systolic pressure. The vascular permeability change in the lung was abolished by indomethacin, and no plasma extravasation was found in rats made leukopenic by rabbit anti-neutrophil serum. On the other hand, WEB 2086, the antihistamine mepyramine, or the non-selective serotonin antagonist methysergide did not affect the vascular permeability response to zymosan in the lung. The zymosan-induced paw edema was prevented by pretreatment with the histamine H2 receptor antagonists, cimetidine and metiamide [19].
Chapter 11: Applications And Characterization Of Radiolabeled Or Magnetizable Nano- And Microparticles For Res, Lymph, And Blood Flow Studies
Published in Alan Rembaum, Zoltán A. Tökés, Micro spheres: Medical and Biological Applications, 2017
Strand Sven-Erik, Andersson Lena, Bergqvist Lennart
The stimulatory effects of zymosan have been confirmed in our studies which have revealed proliferation of RE cells and granuloma formation after zymosan injection in the rat.80 The secretion of a lysosomal enzyme, A-acetyl-(β-glucosaminidase, was significantly increased from zymosan-stimulated macrophages.81
Industrial production and applications of α/β linear and branched glucans
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2021
Geetha Venkatachalam, Senthilkumar Arumugam, Mukesh Doble
α glucans from starch and glycogen, and β-glucans from mushrooms, yeast, spelt well and barley were used as food and dietary supplement in Mediterranean Diet. They have immunomodulatory effect (acts on Reactive oxygen species and DUOX-2 protein) that helps in maintaining good health of intestinal epithelial cells [50]. Aminated zymosan isolated from yeast had shown immunomodulatory effects on Raw 264.7 macrophage cells which are branched β-(1,3)-glucan and could be used as drug carrier for macrophage drug targeting [51]. Curdlan, β-(1,3)-glucan, possess unique bioactivities such as tumour inhibition, wound healing, as stabiliser, scaffold material and encapsulating agent. Curdlan sulphate is reported to posses anti-HIV activity [52].