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Bidirectional Neural Interfaces
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Mikhail A. Lebedev, Alexei Ossadtchi
Visual prostheses hold promise of restoring vision to the blind (Fernandes et al. 2012). Several types of visual prostheses have been developed, which are applicable to different cases of blindness. Retinal prostheses (epiretinal, subretinal, transchoroidal, and optic nerve) are applicable to eye pathologies that spare parts of the optic nerve. Non-retinal prostheses employ electrical stimulation of cortical and subcortical visual areas. They are applicable to cases where the eye and/or optic nerve is severely damaged. Electrical stimulation of visual cortex to restore vision has been pioneered by William Dobelle (Dobelle et al. 1974).
Social Glasses: Simulating Interactive Gaze for Visually Impaired People in Face-to-Face Communication
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
Shi Qiu, Jun Hu, Ting Han, Hirotaka Osawa, Matthias Rauterberg
One of the emerging trends of the assistive technology regarding the gaze is “bionic eyes.” Bhowmick and Hazarika (2017) suggested that the development of “bionic eyes” is a ground-breaking strategy for returning some functional vision to visually impaired people. It aims at improving their independence and quality of lives. “Bionic eyes” often refers to the visual prosthesis, to provide a complete and fundamental solution for blind people. The original idea of “bionic eyes” is not new and has been explored for many years in laboratories. In this research area, the most common technique is “to electronically stimulate the visual pathway with a visual prosthesis or bionic eyes” (Lewis et al., 2016). In addition to academia, the Second Sight Company has devoted much effort toward the development of “bionic eyes.” It attempts to test whether an array of electrodes placed on the surface of the brain can restore limited vision to people with partial or even complete blindness (Mullin, 2017).