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Information Visualization
Published in Vijay Kumar, Mangey Ram, Predictive Analytics, 2021
Sadia Riaz, Arif Mushtaq, Maninder Jeet Kaur
In this section, elements of human cognition factors and visual limitations in data visualization are elaborated on. Data visualization involves translating figures and raw data into visual objects: lines, columns, maps, etc. It attempts to integrate elements of user-friendliness and aesthetics. Such visualizations provide comprehensible raw-to-complex data analysis, making research a strong tool for communication and collaboration [43]. Visual cognition is the psychological branch which combines visual and prior knowledge to create high-level representations in visual scenes and unconsciously agree on content [44]. Visual processing primarily focuses on the recognition and representation of objects and spatial relationships in perception and imagery. Although visual cognition and cognitive vision may sound remarkably similar, they are different. Cognitive vision applies to functional and computational computer-focused vision systems. Vision cognition is the use of partial information in the human visual system to learn from the structure of a visual image. The visualization aims to support data interpretation through the use of the human brain’s visual cognition system that recognizes patterns, trends and outliers [45]. Therefore, aspects of human perception and cognition that are considered necessary for effective data visualization are elaborated on in this section. In addition, case studies from real-life scenarios are addressed to highlight the importance of visual cognition for data processing and analysis.
Ability, Aptitude and Performance Assessment
Published in Robert Bor, Carina Eriksen, Todd P. Hubbard, Ray King, Pilot Selection, 2019
Visual processing involves the interpretation and analysis of the visual information that we take in from our environment, what we see around us. At an evolutionary level, this skill keeps us safe. Being aware of the predator creeping up behind us allows us to take evasive action before we become the prey. In modern-day life it helps us to notice a pedestrian stepping into the road when we are driving or quickly recognise when the information in a data display means that things are not as they should be and we need to take corrective action. For pilots, we are particularly concerned with how quickly and how accurately candidates interpret visual information, which also includes movement, spatial relationships, form and direction. Tests of visual processing skills include identifying similarities and differences between objects or picking out an object in a crowded background. One commonly encountered question type is based on visual discord, such as presenting a series of colour names written in a different colour and asking the candidate to identify the correct colour patch for the colour name, rather than the colour in which the word was written. For example, the word RED may appear written in the colour BLUE, and the candidate should click on the red block in an array that includes both red and blue.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
What specifically is being measured in functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain is the pattern and degree of brain activity during simple mental tasks. Such information can be combined with high spatial resolution scans to establish the relationship between function and anatomy. For example, the pattern of brain activation during specified motor tasks or sensory stimulation can be observed to determine which parts of the brain are involved (Figure 8.27). The spatial resolution of this technique is large compared with the size of the nerve cells involved in detailed mental processes, so only a coarse map of activated regions of the brain can be produced. However, it suffices to locate entire structures involved in, for example, language production or vision. Experiments have concentrated on questions similar to those discussed in Chapter 6, involving mapping out which areas of the brain are involved with simple mental tasks such as recalling words or listening to music. Statistical comparisons of diseased and healthy patients’ brains performing similar tasks can be used to identify subtle differences in brain function that would not be manifested in overall anatomical changes. Mental processes studied using fMRI have included language (including the conversion of heard speech into meaning), memory, and vision (such as the recognition of faces). For example, fMRI has allowed the noninvasive study of visual processing in living human subjects, rather than animal models. Using techniques such as fMRI and PET, it has been possible to show that visual perception (in which a person sees an object) and visual imagery (in which the person imagines seeing the same object) activate many of the same brain processes. The capability for mapping the functionality of the brain also allows fMRI to permit detailed determination of diseased and healthy regions for use in preoperative planning of brain surgery. This capability and the continual development of increasingly specific MRI contrast agents promises to extend the explosive growth of MRI yet further.
Fonts of wider letter shapes improve letter recognition in parafovea and periphery
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Chiron A. T. Oderkerk, Sofie Beier
It is a long-known finding that greater inter-letter spacing between letters in the periphery minimises the effect of crowding (Bouma 1970). Studies into object crowding have demonstrated that crowding not only exists between an object and its flankers but is also driven by the critical spacing of parts (Rosen, Chakravarthi, and Pelli 2014). This suggests that in addition to inter-letter crowding, crowding also occurs between the different parts of a letter. It is generally agreed that visual processing has two stages: the first stage involves independent feature detection, while the second stage involves the integration of the features into an object (Levi 2008; Pelli, Palomares, and Majaj 2004). Research supports the theory that the first stage of feature detection is unaffected by crowding (Nandy and Tjan 2007), while during the second stage of feature integration, crowding could be inappropriately large, leading to the integration of the target and its flankers (Pelli, Palomares, and Majaj 2004).
The role of visual thinking in educational development: architectural design
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2023
Mirko Stanimirovic, Bojana Nikolic, Milanka Vasic, Milica Zivkovic
Visual or picture thinking is the phenomenon of thinking through visual processing (Marie Deza and Deza 2009). Visual processing is a term that refers to the brain’s ability to use and interpret visual information from the world around us (Whishaw and Kolb 2015). Visual literacy is the ability to interpret and make meaning from information presented in the form of an image. It is based on the idea that pictures can be read and that meaning can be through a process of reading (Orland-Barak and Maskit 2017). Also, the visual literacy is the ability to evaluate, apply, or create conceptual visual representations.