China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir Leaves on Various Gastric Aggressive Factors
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
P. S. Sreeja, K. Arunachalam, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj
For decades, the treatment for ulcer disease aimed at suppressing the gastric acid secretion in order to re-establish the balance of gastrointestinal mucosa (Kangwan et al. 2014). However, this type of therapy continuously caused side effects. In the middle of the twentieth century, the treatment of gastric ulcers was to remove the vagus nerve (vagotomy) and to use drugs that would minimize gastric acidity, in addition to limiting dietary intake; however, there were high morbidity and mortality rates at that time. Soon afterwards, in the 1970s, new drugs were introduced into the market.
Mechanism of peripheral nerve modulation and recent applications
Published in International Journal of Optomechatronics, 2021
Heejae Shin, Minseok Kang, Sanghoon Lee
Vagus nerve, one of the cranial nerves, is an important component of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary movements of the heart, lungs, adrenal glands, and digestive tract.[73] Therefore, vagus nerve stimulation is effective in treating and alleviating diseases such as heart failure, epilepsy, and depression as a bioelectronic medicine field.[74–76] However, since these various functions are regulated by the vagus nerve, selective nerve stimulation to produce only the desired effect is essential. As shown in Figure 4(a), optogenetic stimulation and electrical stimulation were applied to the right vagus nerve to compare the two stimulation methods.[77] The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve with efferent and afferent fibers. Because these researchers expressed the opsin ChR2 only in efferent fibers (GFP+), optogenetic stimulation stimulated only efferent fibers, whereas electrical stimulation stimulated not only efferent fibers, but also afferent fibers (PGP9.5+) using hook electrodes. The right vagus nerve controls function mainly related to the heart. Both optogenetic stimulation and electrical stimulation decreased heart rate during normal right vagus nerve stimulation, but electrical stimulation decreased heart rate only after right vagotomy (RVNx) since it also stimulated afferent fibers transmitting the signal to the brain. In this experiment, hook electrodes, which do not have selective stimulation capability, were used for stimulation afferent fiber, so, it cannot be concluded that optogenetic stimulation is superior to electrical stimulation. However, it has been shown that optogenetic stimulation with excellent selectivity is suitable for nerves containing fascicles responsible for multiple functions, such as the vagus nerve.