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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) is a complex of proteins localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane that recognizes and imports nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins into the intermembrane space.
Effects of exercise intensity on gut microbiome composition and function in people with type 2 diabetes
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
L. Torquati, T. Gajanand, E. R. Cox, C. R. G. Willis, J. Zaugg, S. E. Keating, J. S. Coombes
In contrast with limited changes in gut microbiome metabolites (SCFA), we found a marked difference between exercise intensity and metabolic function. Differential analyses showed reduced expression of specific KO in C-HIIT after exercise, which suggests reduced bacterial defence and protein export (Bacterial secretion system – translocase/protein export SecD (K03072), Transcription regulation (Prokaryotic defence system K07316, Transcription factor K05499), and Peptidase and inhibitors (K20608). Most of these are expressed in pathogenic bacteria and involved in antimicrobial peptides production and secretion (Shestov, Ontañón, & Tozeren, 2015), suggesting high intensity exercise may result in reducing pathogenicity of gut bacterial communities. Instead, moderate intensity exercise resulted in higher pyruvate metabolism (ko00620), which may explain the increased trend in faecal acetate (as acetate is the product of pyruvate metabolism) and higher A.municiphila (acetate producer) in C-MICT. This species also positively correlated with the pyruvate metabolism pathway (ko00620), suggesting carbohydrate (pyruvate) metabolism and acetate production might prevail at moderate intensity. Taken altogether, metabolic pathway findings support a cross-talk mechanism between gut microbiome and mitochondrial function (in line with (Clark & Mach, 2017)); and warrant further investigation on the effects of exercise intensity in healthy and clinical groups.
Metabolic adaptations to endurance training and nutrition strategies influencing performance
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2019
Conrad P. Earnest, Jeff Rothschild, Christopher R. Harnish, Alireza Naderi
The LCHF approach has been shown to increase fat oxidation rates and reduce CHO reliance during extended, low(-er) intensity exercise and is associated with increases in plasma FFA at rest and exercise (Volek, Noakes, & Phinney, 2015; Zajac et al., 2014). For example, 5d of LCHF resulted in a 12% increase in fatty-acyl-translocase protein content, indicating an increased capacity for sarcolemmal and/or mitochondrial membrane fatty acid uptake (Leckey et al., 2018). In contrast, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 was not changed after 5d of LCHF (Leckey et al., 2018), but was increased after 10d and 15d (Goedecke et al., 1999). Further, the gene expression of β-HAD increased after 5d of LCHF; yet, enzymatic levels of β-HAD remained unchanged up to 28d afterward (Goedecke et al., 1999; Kiens, Essen‐Gustavsson, Gad, & Lithell, 1987; Peters, St. Amand, Howlett, Heigenhauser, & Spriet, 1998).