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Introduction to Two Problems in Cellular Biology
Published in Raimund J. Ober, E. Sally Ward, Jerry Chao, Quantitative Bioimaging, 2020
Raimund J. Ober, E. Sally Ward, Jerry Chao
As shown in Section 2.4, fluorescence microscopy allows us to determine the location of proteins as a function of time. We can, therefore, use fluorescence microscopy to analyze what happens to transferrin and its receptor following their binding at the cell surface. Such studies have suggested the trafficking model illustrated in Fig. 2.9, which can be described as follows. The transferrin receptor carries iron-bound transferrin into sorting endosomes. The local environment in the sorting endosomes triggers the release of iron from transferrin to produce an unloaded form of transferrin. The iron can then enter the interior of the cell, whilst the iron-free transferrin is sorted with the transferrin receptor to return to the membrane of the cell, where it is released back into the extracellular environment. As with FcRn, the sorting of transferrin and its receptor occurs in tubules that leave the endosomes and are observable by imaging the cells over time (Fig. 2.10). Thus, transferrin and its receptor have a critical function in scavenging iron and delivering it to cells.
Overview of the Manifold VNPs Used in Nanotechnology
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
CPV naturally infects canine cells using the transferrin receptor (Parker et al., 2001). Transferrin is a circulatory iron carrier protein that is in great demand, particularly during cellular growth and proliferation; transferrin receptors are upregulated on cancer cells. The natural receptor specificity of CPV has been exploited for biomedical nanotechnology (discussed in Chapter 8). A pilot study demonstrated that CPV particles are naturally targeted to and internalized by various mammalian tumor cells in vitro (Singh et al., 2006).
Niosomes for Brain Targeting
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Didem Ag Seleci, Muharrem Seleci, Rebecca Jonczyk, Frank Stahl, Thomas Scheper
Transferrin receptor, which is an iron-binding transmembrane protein and facilitates iron uptake in cells, is highly expressed in brain endothelial cells. Several types of nanoparticles were functionalized with TfR binding ligands such as peptides (Dixit et al., 2015), antibodies (Ulbrich et al., 2009), or transferrin (Sonali et al., 2016) to deliver therapeutics to the brain.
Purification of transferrin by magnetic nanoparticles and conjugation with cysteine capped gold nanoparticles for targeting diagnostic probes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi, Zahoor Qadir Samra
Transferrin is an iron carried protein and delivers iron to cells through transferrin receptors. Iron demand increases extensively in growing cells and that’s justifying the thousand folds increase in expression of transferrin receptor on cancer cells. Transferrin receptor is a good targeted site for cancer drug delivery but the main hurdle to use transferrin as targeted ligand is its purification. A novel method for transferrin purification with magnetic nanoparticles is reported in this study. This technique may be a good alternative of many other techniques because of least reagent requirement and few numbers of steps involved. The purified protein maintains its biological activities for a longer period of time at low temperature. Therefore it may be used for therapeutic purposes. Transferrin-conjugated cysteine capped GNP has a potential to be used in cancer diagnosis as targeted diagnostic probe in vivo and in vitro. Experiments are underway to use the purified transferrin in theranostic nanomedicines for targeting drug delivery (in vivo and in vitro).
Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Charles R Pedlar, Carlo Brugnara, Georgie Bruinvels, Richard Burden
A closer consideration of the red blood cell morphology provides variables such as mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell volume (MCV) and reticulocyte haemoglobin concentration (CHr or Ret-He) and this may have diagnostic utility for certain types of anaemia or latent anaemia. Additional biochemistry markers including serum transferrin receptor, serum iron, serum transferrin and transferrin saturation may also assist with the identification of iron deficiency (Archer & Brugnara, 2015). Assessment of total haemoglobin mass via the carbon monoxide rebreathing technique is also gaining favour as a tool for identifying iron deficiency and assessing responses to treatment in athletes (Garvican, Lobigs, Telford, Fallon, & Gore, 2011; Wachsmuth et al., 2015).