China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Alachlor is a colorless to yellow crystal chemical substance. It is soluble in most organic solvents, but sparingly in water. Alachlor is an RUP, therefore it should be purchased and used only by certified, trained workers and plant protection applicators. The US EPA categorizes it as toxicity class III, meaning slightly toxic. However, alachlor products bear the signal word DANGER on their labels because of their potential to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Alachlor is an aniline herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in field corn, soybeans, and peanuts. It is a selective systemic herbicide, absorbed by germinating shoots and roots. It works by interfering with a plant’s ability to produce protein and by interfering with root elongation. Alachlor has extensive use as a herbicide in the United States. It is available as granules or emulsifiable concentrate.
Pesticide Use and Calibration
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
To determine the specific personal protective clothing and equipment required for a particular product, you must refer to the instructions on the product label (Figure 15.7). These instructions carry the weight of law. The toxicity level of the chemical determines the correct body protection. The pesticide label should list a toxicity class, or so-called signal word, with class I (“danger”) being the most toxic, followed by class II (“warning”) for moderately toxic, and class III and IV (“caution”) for the least toxic chemicals. The material safety data sheet (MSDS) provides additional information in helping to determine personal protection.
Parquetina nigrescens: Date Seed Pod Particle Polymethylmethacrylate Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
Published in Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites from Agricultural Waste, 2023
Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Sunday Wilson Balogun, Raphael Gboyega Adeyemo, Timothy Adewale Adeyi, Kemi Audu, Boluwatife Olukunle, Kazeem Koledoye Olatoye
Table 9.1 highlights the various peaks attained by each compound detected in Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles, as shown in Figure 9.2. Various compounds (Table 9.1) detected in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles were used in evaluating the level of toxicity of the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. Confirmed compounds were identified using a Java software, “Toxtree version 3.1.0.1851”. The software was employed in identifying the various level of toxicity of each compound present in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. It categorises the toxicity level of each compound into three different classes which are classes I, II, and III. Class I indicates low toxicity, class II, indicates intermediate level of toxicity and class III shows a high level of toxicity. Toxtree was able to identify majority of the compounds, leaving only a few. The analysis from the Toxtree shows that there are various toxic substances present in Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. Moreover, GCMS result identifies some compounds detected in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles, which have a certain usefulness. An example is the Oleic acid, which has an open chain, aliphatic structure with some functional groups. It is useful in food additives as flavouring agents and used in the production of agrochemicals such as herbicides, insecticides, etc. Oleic acid has been verified to be of low concern and it has a toxicity level of “class I”, indicating it has a low toxicity level. The presence of a toxic substance in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles does not prevent its use as a PMMA additive for developing nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Its presence in PMMA can act as an antibacterial additive, improving antibacterial properties of the PMMA in adhesives for bone and tooth repair, in addition to probable improvement in mechanical properties of the PMMA. This implies that experimental investigations are imperative to determine an amount of Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles to be incorporated in the PMMA to develop nanocomposites implants saved to human and to ascertain the proposed applications of Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles as additives in the PMMA for biomedical applications. On the other hand, research can be focused on determining saved chemicals that can dissolve toxic components of the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. This approach can lead to extraction of toxic components from the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles to leave remnants saved to the body as additives in the PMMA for improving the mechanical properties, though other benefits like an antibacterial property may be lost by the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles in this technique.
Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and molecular docking analysis of new cadmium(II) iodide complex with the pyridine, 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sibel Celik, Zeynep Demircioğlu, Senay Yurdakul, Orhan Büyükgüngör
Cadmium is a highly bioaccumulative heavy metal that poses serious dangers to human health, and cadmium intoxication can result in kidney, bone, and lung damage inside the human body [117–121]. Cadmium-containing compounds may cause different clinical manifestations and toxic effects on various organs and systems [122]. Therefore, the estimation of the organ toxicity, toxicological endpoints, and median lethal dose (LD50) of the synthesized Cd(II) compound was obtained by using the Pro-Tox II web server [123]. As shown in Table 6, ProTox-II toxicity prediction software gave the predicted LD50 value of the compound to be 100 mg/kg. Acute toxicity prediction findings, such as toxicity class classification [1 (toxic) to 6 (non-toxic), indicated that the named chemical was classified as acute toxicity class 3 (toxic if swallowed)]. The results suggest that the compound is non-carcinogenic and has no effect on immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity.
Performance evaluation of solar based combined pre-compression supercritical CO2 cycle and organic Rankine cycle
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Yunis Khan, Radhey Shyam Mishra
Care must be taken when selecting the working fluid for any thermodynamic cycle because it affects the cycle performance, economic feasibility, and environmental aspects (Wang et al. 2019). A mixture of magnesium dichloride (MgCl2) and potassium chloride has been used as molten salt HTF in the receiver with mass fraction of 32 and 68%, respectively (Khatoon and Kim 2020). Reason behind choosing this HTF is that this is the cheapest option for the heliostat-driven sCO2 cycle as compared to the solar salt and liquid sodium (Na) (Polimeni et al. 2018). Thermo-physical properties of this molten salt are listed in Table 2. It is challenging to select working fluid for the ORC because it loses its chemical stability above its maximum temperature therefore it obtains optimum thermo-physical properties at optimum pressure and temperature (Koc, Yagli, and Koc 2019). Working fluids for the ORC system are categorized as dry, isentropic, and wet fluid. Dry and isentropic working is more suitable than the other type of fluids due to high-quality vapor at the expander outlet (Saleh et al. 2019). Also in current study waste heat source has low temperature. Therefore, due to these reasons and low-temperature applications, five working fluids such as isopentane, R245fa, R236fa, isobutene, and R227ea were considered for the analysis of ORC in this study. Thermal properties, safety, and environmental data of these working fluids are given in Table 3. The safety group classification for each refrigerant has two or three alphanumeric characters (e.g., B1 or A2L). The first character shows the toxicity and the numeral, with or without a suffix letter, indicates the flammability. There are two classes for toxicity: lower toxicity (Class A) and higher toxicity (Class B). There are four classes of flammability: 1, 2 L, 2 or 3(Calm 1994).
Performance investigation of the solar power tower driven combined cascade supercritical CO2 cycle and organic Rankine cycle using HFO fluids
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Yunis Khan, Radhey Shyam Mishra
Working fluids for any device should really be carefully selected because they have an effect on the environment, economic feasibility and long-term viability. In the receiver, molten salt HTF was made up of a mixture of magnesium dichloride (MgCl2) and potassium chloride (KCl), with mass fractions of 32% and 68%, respectively (Khatoon and Kim 2020). This HTF was chosen because, when compared to solar salt and liquid sodium (Na), it is the most cost-effective option for the heliostat-driven sCO2 cycle (Koc, Yagli, and Koc 2019). This molten salt’s thermo-physical properties are listed in reference Khan and Mishra (2020a). The ORC’s working fluid is difficult to select because it loses chemical stability above its optimum temperature but it achieves the best thermo-physical properties at the right pressure and temperature (Polimeni et al. 2018). To choose suitable fluids for the analysis, various parameters, critical points, such as GWP, thermal stability and ozone depletion potential (ODP), were analysed. High GWP fluids, such as hydro fluoro carbons (HCFCs), and high ODP fluids, such as CFCs (chloro fluoro carbons), were removed from the analysis. The ODP was limited to less than 1. The GWP was restricted to less than 150, as constrained by regulations such as that of the European Union (Moloney, Almatrafi, and Goswami 2017). For the ORC system, working fluids are known as dry, isentropic and wet fluid. Due to high-quality vapour at the expander outlet, dry and isentropic work is better appropriate than the other form of fluid. The waste heat supply also has a low temperature in the current analysis. In this analysis, ultra-low GWP nine HFO working fluids such as R1234ze(Z), R1224yd(Z), R1225ye(Z), R1233zd(E), R1234yf, R1243zf, R1234ze(E) and R1336mzz(Z) were therefore considered for the ORC analysis because of these reasons and low temperature applications. Table 2 includes the thermal properties, protection and environmental data of these working fluids. For each refrigerant, the protection category designation has two or three numeric values (e.g., B1 or A2L). The first character indicates toxicity and the numeral indicates flammability, with or without a suffix letter. For toxicity, there are two classes: lower toxicity (Class A and higher toxicity (Class B). There are four flammability classes: 1, 2 L, 2 or 3 (Calm 1994).