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Working Posture
Published in Céline McKeown, Office Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2018
Figure 1.1 is an illustration of the spine. The spine consists of 33 individual bones, referred to as vertebrae. It is normally divided into several distinct sections: the cervical vertebrae, comprising seven vertebrae in the neck; the thoracic vertebrae, comprising 12 vertebrae that incorporate the chest and rib area; the lumbar vertebrae, formed from five vertebrae in the lower back; the sacrum, which is formed by five fused vertebrae; and the coccyx, which is made up of the remaining three or four rather simple vertebrae. Because the weight borne by the lumbar vertebrae is greater than that borne by either the cervical or thoracic vertebrae, and because the lumbar region is subject to a peak in leverage at this point (as a person leans forward, backwards, or sideways), it is subjected to higher levels of stress.
Biomechanics of spinal trauma
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Brian D. Stemper, Narayan Yoganandan
Features of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are similar C3 to C7. Vertebral bodies are anterior-to-posteriorly elongated in the horizontal plane and thicker posteriorly. Articular pillar surfaces are oriented almost vertically. The superior surface faces posteriorly and the inferior surface faces anteriorly. In contrast to the horizontal cervical spinous processes, thoracic spinous processes are angled inferiorly, approximately 60°. Another unique feature is that pedicles extend postero-laterally from the articular pillars to form the transverse costal facet. Coupled with superior costal facets on the postero-lateral corners of the vertebral body, the transverse costal facets form the interface for the ribs, which articulate with all thoracic vertebrae.
Automatic identification of three-dimensional morphometric features of vertebrae
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Junhua Zhang, Bo Li, Hongjian Li, Shuai Zhang, Wentao Yu
The lumbar and thoracic vertebrae have similar morphometric features, which differ from those of the cervical vertebrae. In this study, the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae were considered. For each vertebra to be measured, a 3D model was required as input to the system. The system measured the most used morphometric features, including the Spinous Process Length (spl), Spinous Process Angle (spa), Superior Vertebral Body Length and Width (svbl and svbw), Inferior Vertebral Body Length and Width (ivbl and ivbw), Left and Right lateral Vertebral Body Height (lvbh and rvbh), Anterior and Posterior lateral Vertebral Body Height (avbh and pvbh), and Vertebral Canal Length and Breadth (vcl and vcb), as shown in Figure 2. Detailed descriptions of the 12 features are described by Di Angelo and Di Stefano (2015).
From the field of play to the laboratory: Recreating the demands of competition with augmented reality simulated sport
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Kahlee Adams, Adam Kiefer, Derek Panchuk, Adam Hunter, Ryan MacPherson, Wayne Spratford
The University of Western Australia (UWA) lower limb marker set was used, which consisted of 30 retro-reflective markers (14 mm in diameter), including four “T-bar” clusters (consisting of three retro-reflective markers) on the participant’s thighs and shanks (Besier, Sturnieks, Anderson, & Lloyd, 2003). Four of these markers were placed on the participant’s pelvic region, consisting of the right and left anterior superior iliac spine and the right and left posterior superior iliac spine. Four additional markers were also placed on the thorax, consisting of the supracostal notch, xiphoid process (sternum), seventh cervical vertebrae and the tenth thoracic vertebrae. Trajectory data for biomechanical evaluation were collected using a 14 camera Vicon Motion Analysis System (Oxford Metrics Ltd, Oxford, UK), sampling at 250 Hz. These data were synchronised with the vGRF data, measured by two 600x900mm force plates (9287BA; Kistler Instrumente, Winterthur, Switzerland) sampling at a 1000 Hz. The two force plates were embedded adjacent to each other in the floor of the laboratory, between the net and the position of the hanging ball (Figure 1), with the net positioned in line with the most distal end of the force plates. To align the participant with the global coordinate system and identify the joint axes, a “static” measurement was collected for each participant prior to commencing the testing conditions.
Relationship of pelvis and torso angular jerk to hand velocity in female softball hitting
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Jessica K. Washington, Gretchen D. Oliver
Once all sensors were securely attached to the body, a fifteenth sensor attached to a stylus was used to digitise various bony landmarks on the thorax (middle of torso), humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (lower arm), pelvis, femur (thigh), tibia and fibula (lower leg), and foot (second toe) (Myers, Laudner, Pasquale, Bradley, & Lephart, 2005; Myers, Oyama, & Hibberd, 2013; Oliver & Keeley, 2010b; Oliver & Plummer, 2011; Plummer & Oliver, 2014, 2016). Medial and lateral aspects of each joint were identified and digitised, and joint centres were calculated by the midpoint of the 2 points digitised. Anterior and posterior aspects of the shoulder were identified and digitised, and the joint centre was calculated by the midpoint of the 2 points. A link segment model was developed through digitisation of bony landmarks used to estimate the joint centres for the ankle, knee, shoulder, hips, thoracic vertebrae 12 (T12) to lumbar vertebrae 1 (L1), and cervical vertebrae 7 (C7) to thoracic vertebrae 1 (T1). The spinal column was defined as the digitised space between the associated spinous processes, whereas the ankle and knee were defined as the midpoints of the digitised medial and lateral malleoli in the frontal plane, and the medial and lateral femoral condyles in the frontal plane, respectively (Oliver & Keeley, 2010b; Oliver & Plummer, 2011; Plummer & Oliver, 2014; Wu et al., 2002).