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Published in P. Dakin John, G. W. Brown Robert, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
Constantinos Pitris, Tuan Vo-Dinh, R. Eugene Goodson, Susie E. Goodson
Laser-induced photocoagulation or ablation can be used to alter the tissue shape for surgical or other therapeutic purposes. It is based on the absorption of high-intensity pulses by the targeted tissues causing either protein denaturation or complete evaporation without carbonizing or bleeding. The precise control of the wavelength as well as temporal and power parameters of laser therapeutic techniques can restrict the interaction to specific target areas of tissue. Laser therapy is the current standard of care for the treatment of some retinal diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, and some types of subretinal neovascularization [72]. Vision correction using photorefractive keratectomy or laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis is also based on this effect [73]. In dermatology, careful control of laser parameters permits selective destruction of specific loci in the skin, for example, in tattoo removal, treatment of port-wine stains, and various cosmetic applications (Figure 26.6) [74].
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Application in Nanomedicine
Published in Sarhan M. Musa, Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain, 2017
As already mentioned, laser has energy. Hence, the energy of laser can be useful. There are many ways to make use of the laser energy [94–98]. Some destructive applications include its use in weapons while the constructive applications are in engineering and medicine. The application of laser in medicine has been continuously developed. In medicine, laser can be applied in both diagnosis and therapy [99,100]. Considering the laser tools in medicine, several kinds are available at present [101]. The good examples of medical laser tools include CO2 lasers [102–105], diode lasers [106–108], dye lasers [109–111], excimer lasers [112–114], fiber lasers [115–117], gas lasers [118], and free-electron lasers [119–123]. As already noted, these laser tools can be applied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Focusing on diagnostic purposes, there are many laser-based analyzers. The good examples include those used in mammography [124,125], clinical microscopy [126,127], flow cytometry [128,129], and optical coherence tomography [130–132]. It can be seen that the laser-based diagnostic tools can be useful for many medical branches including oncology [133–135], ophthalmology [136–138], and hematology [139–142]. Focusing on therapeutic purposes, there are also many laser-based therapeutic tools. The use of medical laser can be seen in angioplasty [143–146], lithotripsy [147–151], ocular laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) [152–155], and photocoagulation [156–158]. The medical therapy that can make use of laser tool can be either general surgery [159–162], cancer surgery [163–166], or plastic-cosmetic surgery [167–170]. The examples of those surgeries including baby face preparation [170], scar and tattoo removal [171–174], and cancerous mass removal [163–166] (such as prostatectomy [175–177]).
Micro-Optics for Illumination Light Shaping in Photolithography
Published in Fred M. Dickey, Todd E. Lizotte, Laser Beam Shaping Applications, 2017
The Köhler integrator was illuminated with a collimated laser beam of 633 nm wavelength (HeNe). A spot matrix with 61 × 61 spots of Øspot ≈ 22 µm and a period of ΛFT ≈ 248 µm is observed. The envelope of the spot array is a flat-top with a homogeneity of ±2%. Typical applications for array generators are laser ablation and medical applications, like laser epilation, rejuvenation, and tattoo removal.
High-pressure optical studies on R-line fluorescence lifetime in Al2O3:V2+
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2018
Branislav R. Jovanić, Božidar Radenković, Marijana Despotović-Zrakić, Zorica Bogdanović, Dušan Barać
The interest of the researchers in the ruby doped with 3d3 ions has not stopped after several decades of testing (1, 2). Namely, 3d3-based luminescence materials continue to be of interest due to their potential for ion-tunable solid-state laser applications. Practical and scientific applications include medical laser systems for tattoo removal and cosmetic dermatology (3), laser metal working systems for drilling holes in hard materials (4), high-brightness holographic camera systems with long coherent length (5), and many others. In addition, ruby is the pressure standard in high-pressure experiments (6). It can also be used as a thermometer (7).
Tissue expanders with a focus on extremity reconstruction
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Abdul R. Arain, Keegan Cole, Christopher Sullivan, Samik Banerjee, Jillian Kazley, Richard L. Uhl
Although principles of tissue expansion have existed for thousands of years, it was Celsus in 25 A.D. who first described its use in wound closure. Codivilla and Putti utilized continuous skeletal traction and observed tissue expansion in the form of limb lengthening [1]. Neumann is credited for reconstructing auricular defects by inflating subcutaneous balloons thereby expanding the overlying skin to provide tissue of similar texture, color, and structure for reconstruction without substantial donor site morbidity [2]. Later, Gibson and Kenedi described the viscoelastic properties of skin defining mechanical creep as expansion under continuous load and stress relaxation as continual decrease of internal forces when displacement is constant [3]. They noted that skin could be stretched three-to-four times its original length and postulated its application in reconstructive surgery [3]. Sustained mechanical creep is believed to result in biologic creep, a slower physiologic process of new tissue synthesis. Applying these principles, Radovan (1976) described the use of saline-filled silicone expanders for tattoo removal and postmastectomy reconstruction [4,5]. Austad (1988) later pioneered osmotically driven self-expanders, which marked the universal acceptance of internal tissue expansion as a reconstructive technique [6]. Hirschowitz (1978) first conceptualized external tissue expansion while critically analyzing face lift failures secondary to mechanical creep. He found that skin stretching occurred in the immediate postoperative period necessitating two-stage lifts to remove extra skin expanded during the index procedure [7]. He later applied his observations to soft tissue reconstruction by using external hooks to expand skin for nose reconstructions leading him to develop the first intradermal continuous tissue expansion device applied in limb reconstructions [8,9].