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The Trouble with Pests
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
Although rodent control has been discussed earlier in the chapter, a more detailed discussion of the rodenticide warfarin is offered here. Warfarin is among the most widely used rodenticides because it is effective in small quantities, reasonably non-toxic to humans, and does not promote bait shyness because it is a slow-acting poison. Warfarin is a coumadin compound and therefore a vitamin K antagonist that inhibits prothrombin synthesis. Repeated dosing over several days causes an overall reduction in the blood level prothrombin, which is necessary for coagulation. The consequence of such dosing is internal hemorrhaging, blood in the sputum and stools, and externally visible hematomas. The animals ultimately bleed to death. Some populations of rats have developed a resistance to warfarin. Consequently, more powerful versions known as superwarfarin, with a potency up to 200 times that of warfarin, have been developed that are more effective against these resistant strains.53–55 Such compounds include brodifacoum, difethialone, and flupropadine. As might be expected, these compounds have much higher toxicity to humans than warfarin (Figure 6.26).54 Other multiple dose poisons effective in controlling rats include fumarin, PMP, and diphacinone.
Drug-induced alveolar haemorrhage
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Abigail R Lara, Marvin I Schwarz
Excess anticoagulation during warfarin or heparin therapy, or poisoning with superwarfarin rotenticides, may cause DAH in which the only clinical findings are dyspnoea, unexplained anaemia and evolving pulmonary infiltrates.21 Drug-induced thrombocytopenia has also been implicated as a causative factor in the development of DAH.22,23
Developing gene drive technologies to eradicate invasive rodents from islands
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2018
Caroline M. Leitschuh, Dona Kanavy, Gregory A. Backus, Rene X. Valdez, Megan Serr, Elizabeth A. Pitts, David Threadgill, John Godwin
Currently, toxicants are the only effective technology for eradicating rodents from islands greater than 5 ha (Campbell et al. 2015). Second-generation anticoagulants, also known as ‘superwarfarins,’ are the toxicant of choice (Ishizuka et al. 2008; Campbell et al. 2015). Developed after rodents displayed resistance to the similar but less potent toxicant warfarin, these anticoagulants cause death through internal hemorrhaging (Ishizuka et al. 2008). Brodifacoum, the most widely used superwarfarin for rodent eradications, is palatable to rodents and is easily dispensed through bait stations or aerial broadcasting (Howald et al. 2007). It is lethal with the consumption of only a few grams and has a delayed effect, discouraging invasive rodents from associating the toxicant bait with illness and death (Howald et al. 2007).