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Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Ultrasound is especially useful in the shoulder for the high incidence of rotator cuff disorders. The four rotator cuff muscles are the subscapularis muscle at the anterior aspect of the shoulder, the supraspinatus at its superior aspect and the infraspinatus and teres minor, which are situated at the posterior aspect.
Muscle recruitment patterns of the subscapularis, serratus anterior and other shoulder girdle muscles during isokinetic internal and external rotations
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Sylvain Gaudet, Jonathan Tremblay, Mickael Begon
The subscapularis was the only rotator cuff muscle recruited at moderate to high intensities for all testing conditions. This is somewhat at odds with previous research which reported minimal activity for this muscle during external rotation tasks (Dark, Ginn, & Halaki, 2007; Wickham, Pizzari, Balster, Ganderton, & Watson, 2014), but it shows some similarity with the work of Heuberer et al. (2015). Its markedly high peak activity during IR at both velocity may indicate its role as a prime mover in internal rotation. Moderate activity of the subscapularis during external rotation may be explained by its important role in centering the humeral head, resisting antero-posterior and superior translation (Broström, Kronberg, & Nemeth, 1989; Rathi, Taylor, & Green, 2016; Sangwan et al., 2015; Wattanaprakornkul, Cathers, Halaki, & Ginn, 2011; Wickham et al., 2014). Field EMG studies have shown that the subscapularis was highly activated in all phases of throwing and swimming stroke and that deficiencies in its activation pattern were associated with shoulder pathologies in baseball players and swimmers (Glousman et al., 1988; Hess & Richardson, 2005; Scovazzo, Browne, Pink, Jobe, & Kerrigan, 1991). Yet, clinical recommendations in rehabilitation emphasize strengthening of the external rotators of the rotator cuff (Reinold, Gill, Wilk, & Andrews, 2010), probably related to previous findings showing decreased external to internal rotation strength ratio in athletes (Andrade et al., 2010). However, in a recent study, Terrier, Larrea, Malfroy Camine, Pioletti, and Farron (2013) used a musculoskeletal model to show that deficiency of the subscapularis induced a decrease in force of the infraspinatus muscle and resulted in increased upward translation of the humeral head. Based on this and our present findings, we would suggest that more attention be placed on good functioning and proper strengthening of the subscapularis muscle.