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The Skull and Brain
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Tom Gibson, Nicholas Shewchenko, Tom Whyte
Beneath the skull are the meninges consisting of three layers of connective tissue: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The outermost dura mater is adherent or close to the inner surface of the bone. Beneath the dura mater is the middle covering, the thin and fibrous arachnoid. The narrow subdural space separating the dura and arachnoid is filled with a small amount of lubricant, preventing adhesion between the two membranes. A number of bridging veins cross the subdural space, draining from the underlying brain to the dura mater and the superior sagittal sinus. The third and innermost meningeal layer is the very thin, delicate and capillary-rich pia mater. The pia is intimately attached to the brain and dips down into the sulci and fissures. The gap between the arachnoid and pia is relatively large compared to the subdural space and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Stress and strain propagation on infant skull from impact loads during falls: a finite element analysis
Published in International Biomechanics, 2020
F.J. Burgos-Flórez, Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado
The geometry of the head was obtained from an stl file acquired from the company OSTEO3D (Bangalore, India), which came from a three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull using CT images (Osteo3d n.d.). This file contained the three-dimensional geometry of flat bones and bones of the cranial base that form the skull of a newborn baby, in which flat bones were, on average, 1.5 mm thick. Utilizing the software Materialize 3-Matic, it was possible to perform an initial modification of the mesh surfaces using triangular elements. From this initial model that only had flat bones, it was possible to perform 3d modeling of sutures, brain, and fontanels, where each of the meshes corresponded to a hollow volume enclosed by a mesh of unstructured triangles (see Figure 2). The scalp was not modeled to simplify the model and avoid excessive complexity in computational implementation. Also, the morphological interaction of the pia mater, the subarachnoid space, arachnoids, subdural space, and dura mater was not taken into account. Hence, a volume was assumed between the inner surface of the bones, sutures and fontanels and the outer surface of the brain, corresponding to tissue with properties similar to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with a thickness equal to 3 mm. The brain was modeled as a single tissue without making structural differentiations between gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, and brain stem.