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Swarm Optimization and Machine Learning to Improve the Detection of Brain Tumor
Published in Shikha Agrawal, Manish Gupta, Jitendra Agrawal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Kamlesh Kumar Gupta, Swarm Intelligence and Machine Learning, 2022
In cases where the results of the scan are unable to provide appropriate results another procedure called biopsy [3] is used to determine the type of tumor. In this procedure a small number of tissues is removed which are examined by the pathologist under a microscope to diagnose the exact type of tumor. The tissues can be removed using a needle biopsy in which a hollow needle is guided into the tumor through a small hole that is drilled into the skull. Biopsy can be also used as a part of surgery for removing the tumor. Similarly, a stereotactic biopsy uses a stereotactic head frame and computer to direct the needle to determine the exact location of the tumor. This procedure is used for tumors that are located deeper in the brain.
Magnetic resonance in neuro-oncology: Achievements and challenges
Published in Dževad Belkić, Karen Belkić, Signal Processing in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Biomedical Applications, 2010
Another way of attaining contrast is via diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), based upon the molecular motion of water. This technique has been helpful in providing earlier detection of pathology, including brain tumors. Diffusion-weighted imaging can also help distinguish malignancy from secondary effects of treatment on the tumor. However, the findings on DWI are not pathognomonic for neoplasia [209, 217, 218]. The role of MRI versus stereotactic biopsy in brain tumor diagnostics has been described succinctly by Howe and Opstad [207]. They emphasize that accurate diagnosis is vital for optimum clinical management of patients with intra-cranial tumors. Accessible tumors are generally surgically resected, but there is “a balance between removing as much tumor tissue as possible, whilst maintaining vital brain functions” (p.123). Thus, radiation therapy (RT) is frequently also used to treat residual tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging is widely applied to determine tumor extent for surgical and RT planning, as well as for post-therapy monitoring of tumor recurrence or progression to higher grade. The initial diagnosis of an intracranial mass lesion is accurately made in 30–90% of cases, depending on tumor type. However, a biopsy is still considered the gold standard. Furthermore, Howe and Opstad [207] point out that brain biopsy has a 1.7% mortality rate, and note that in a study of 550 patients undergoing stereotactic biopsy: 8% had abscesses or inflammatory processes, 2.2% had other lesions, 3.4% of the biopsies were non-diagnostic, and 8% of the patients had complications. Thus, “a non-invasive and accurate prediction of lesion type would reduce unnecessary surgical biopsy procedures for non-cancerous lesions and for less accessible tumors that would be treated by radio- or chemotherapy rather than surgical resection” (p. 123).
Current status of biopsy markers for the breast in clinical settings
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Elian A. Martin, Neeraj Chauhan, Vijian Dhevan, Elias George, Partha Laskar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu
HydroMARKTM breast biopsy site marker contains a permanent metal marker embedded within a polyethylene glycol-based hydrogel polymer that is biodegradable [38–40]. The HydroMARK™ are direct puncture tissue markers that are indicated for lymph nodes and non-lymph node breasts in the United States at this time (other country registrations are pending). The metal consists of titanium or stainless steel which may be in the shape of open coil, butterfly, and barrel-shaped breast markers. The open coil is not tightly bound with the adjacent pieces being spaced out from one another. The butterfly is also not tightly bound with spaces between adjacent pieces, but the end of the marker has a loop facing away from the coils. The barrel is bound tightly with no spaces between adjacent pieces. Upon deployment into the breast tissue, the hydrogel polymer expands within the biopsy cavity and absorbs water from the tissue [40] creating an anechoic structure that increases its sonographic visibility [41]. Since the hydrogel polymer consists mostly of water, it is visible via ultrasound and MRI, and can last for up to 12 months [39]. This type of marker is an effective tool to use due to its fine detection via the use of ultrasonography [42]. HydroMARKTM markers are convenient and safe markers to use after a stereotactic biopsy for calcification [43]. This marker offers easier placement under ultrasound with quick procedure times allowing for better patient compliance. It is also indicated for use in lymph nodes and shows long-term visibility even after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
The lateral arm device for mammographic breast procedures: overview of its uses, safety, and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Amy Kerger, Brandy Griffith, Mitva Patel, Jeffrey Hawley, Stephen P. Povoski
In 2007, the lateral arm device approach was introduced into the market as an add-on to stereotactic biopsy devices. Previously, the only way to perform stereotactic biopsy was via a vertical approach with the needle perpendicular to the mammographic compression paddle and detector plate (Figure 1a). This approach is limited when a patient has a breast that is too thin (<3 cm for a standard need and 2 cm for a shortened sampling chamber needle) or if the lesion to be sampled is too close to the detector or too close to the skin surface [8]. When any of these occurs, the biopsy may be canceled, leading to a surgical excision. The lateral arm allows the biopsy needle to enter the breast horizontal to the compression paddle and the detector plate (Figure 1b). Despite the name, the lateral arm allows for a medial, lateral, superior, or inferior biopsy approach.
Long-term safety and efficacy of breast biopsy markers in clinical practice
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Sharon Smith, Clayton R. Taylor, Estella Kanevsky, Stephen P. Povoski, Jeffrey R. Hawley
A total of 768 MammoMARK/CorMARK and HydroMARK breast biopsy site markers were placed after image-guided biopsy. In total, 668 (87%) of the markers were placed during ultrasound-guided biopsies, 81 (10.5%) were placed during stereotactic biopsies, and 19 (2.5%) at the time of MRI-guided biopsy. The MammoMARK biopsy marker was deployed in 115 (15%) patients of which 19 (17%) were placed during MRI-guided biopsies, 30 (26%) were placed at stereotactic biopsy, and 66 (57%) using sonographic guidance. Of the 269 (35%) patients who received the CorMARK biopsy marker, all 269 (100%) were placed using sonographic guidance. Of the 384 (50%) patients who had the HydroMARK marker deployed after breast biopsy, 51 (13%) were placed using stereotactic guidance and 333 (87%) were placed using ultrasound guidance (Table 2). Of the 768 patients enrolled in the study, 404 (52.6%) markers were explanted through surgical excision, 358 (46.6%) patients completed between 1 and 5 years of clinical follow-up, and 6 (0.8%) exited at their death.