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Toxic Responses of the Male Reproductive System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The production of spermatozoa and androgens occur in two different compartments of the testis, i.e., spermatozoa are produced within the seminiferous tubules while androgens are synthesized in between the tubules. These two compartments are both morphologically and physiologically separated from each other. Therefore, fluid collected from the lumen of the seminiferous tubules is quite different than the fluid in the intertubular compartment. It is clear that there is a blood-testis barrier which maintains a special microenvironment within the seminiferous tubules. Inside this special microenvironment, the developing germ cells are protected from external noxious substances. This barrier also prevents the germ cell antigen to gain access to the general circulation, thus protecting an individual from becoming autoimmune against his own spermatozoan antigen. The tight junctional complexes between the neighboring Sertoli cells form this blood-testis barrier in humans.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Sperm is an abbreviation for spermatozoon. A sperm (plural spermatozoa; from Ancient Greek: σπέρμα “seed” and Ancient Greek: ζῷον “living being”) is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete. A spermatozoon joins an ovum to form a zygote. A zygote is a single cell, with a complete set of chromosomes, that normally develops into an embryo. Sperm cells contribute approximately half of the nuclear genetic information to the diploid offspring (excluding, in most cases, mitochondrial DNA). In mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: a spermatozoon bearing a Y chromosome will lead to a male (XY) offspring, while one bearing an X chromosome will lead to a female (XX) offspring. Sperm cells were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1677.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss)
Published in Yuli Rahmawati, Peter Charles Taylor, Empowering Science and Mathematics for Global Competitiveness, 2019
E. Lisanti, R.D. Wulandari, D. Sajuthi, M. Agil, R.I. Arifiantini, A. Winarto, Arwin
The testis have a function, namely as a place for spermatogenesis and androgen production. Testicles and are very important genital and reproductive tract glands in producing spermatozoa (Cheah & Yang, 2011). It is necessary to examine whether the seeds of the neem affect body weight, morphometry of the testis and reversibility of testicular and epididymides morphometry after treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reversibility and morphometry of the testis and epididymides after treatment with aqueous neem seed extract.
Effect of acetamiprid on the immature murine testes
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Hayato Terayama, Ning Qu, Hitoshi Endo, Masatoshi Ito, Hideo Tsukamoto, Kanae Umemoto, Satoshi Kawakami, Yasuhiro Fujino, Masayuki Tatemichi, Kou Sakabe
Spermatogenesis and androgen production represent the main functions of the testes, which produce mature haploid spermatozoa through meiotic divisions. Histologically, testes are roughly divided into seminiferous tubules and interstitium. Spermatozoa, sertoli, and other cells are present in the seminiferous tubules, while Leydig cells and testicular macrophages can be found in the interstitium. Previously, α4, β2, and α7 nAChRs were reported to be expressed in the Leydig cells, sperm, and other reproductive system cells in rats and humans (Ge et al. 2005; Schirmer et al. 2011; Kumar and Meizel 2005). Additionally, decreased testosterone production and decreased spermatozoa generation were observed in mice treated with ACE, clothianidin, and imidacloprid (Kong et al. 2017; Mohamed et al. 2017; Yanai et al. 2017; Mosbah et al. 2018).
A male germ cell assay and supporting somatic cells: its application for the detection of phase specificity of genotoxins in vitro
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Khaled Habas, Martin H. Brinkworth, Diana Anderson
Spermatogenesis is a complex process involving division and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells into mature spermatozoa. The spermatogenesis process comprises several phases, namely the mitosis proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells to differentiate into spermatocytes, which then undergo meiotic divisions. The division of spermatocyte meiosis to produce haploid round spermatids undergoes spermiogenesis, a differentiation process that comprises the shedding of cytoplasm and compaction of the nucleus of spermatids production of a flagellum and undergoes elongation and condensation of the nucleus, creating elongating and condensing spermatids and untimely mature spermatozoa (Wistuba, Stukenborg, and Marc Luetjens 2007).