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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Regarding health, while the main driver of global WASH-related morbidity associated with diarrhea is children under five years, over 20 percent of morbidity for school-aged children can be linked to unsafe WASH (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2008). A study in Kenya found that a comprehensive WASH package was shown to reduce diarrhea among school children and their siblings, though diarrhea was not reduced for an intervention that just promoted hygiene and sanitation (Freeman et al., 2013a; Dreibelbis et al., 2014). School-aged children are the population at greatest risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections (STHs), a set of pervasive parasitic worms. The same study in Kenya showed that school sanitation and hygiene improvements in conjunction with mass drug administration (MDA) can reduce some STH infections compared to MDA alone (Freeman et al., 2013b). Similar to studies in children under five, improvements to handwashing have been shown to reduce acute respiratory illness (Lopez-Quintero et al., 2009; Talaat et al., 2011), but not others (Bowen et al., 2007). In addition to the indirect impact of WASH improvements on educational attainment associated with absence and health, there is some evidence that reducing dehydration improves pupils’ cognitive abilities in high-income settings (Edmonds and Burford, 2009; Edmonds and Jeffes, 2009; Benton and Burgess, 2009).
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Soil-transmitted helminths infect 2 billion people worldwide, including significant numbers in South-East Asia. In countries where helminths are endemic, infected people can carry as many as 7.5 worms (Irwin et al., 2017). However, infected persons in modern developed countries with high quality sanitation tend to carry the fewest required to sustain shedding, with a prevalence of infection of 0.02% of the population (O’Connor et al., 2017). Ascaris eggs are often used as a surrogate to demonstrate the inactivation of helminths during composting because of their resistance to environmental factors (Collick et al., 2007; Manga et al., 2016). In this review, we also examine the inactivation of tapeworm Taenia saginata (cysticercus bovis), hookworm Necator americanus, and roundworm Ancylostoma duodenale (Jones & Martin, 2003).
Estimation of involuntary excreta ingestion rates in farmers during agricultural practices in Vietnam
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Tu Van Vu, Phuc Duc Pham, Mirko S. Winkler, Christian Zurbrügg, Jakob Zinsstag, Bich Huu Tran, Hung Nguyen-Viet
One significant human health risk is soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections (Lam et al.2015). In 2010, it was estimated globally that 438.9 million people were infected with hookworm, 819 million with Ascaris lumbricoides, and 464.6 million with Trichuris Trichiura (Pullan et al.2014). Rates of STH infection in Vietnam are considered moderate, with the prevalence estimated at 28.6%, 44.4%, and 23.1% for hookworm, A. lumbricoides, and T. trichiura, respectively (Van Der Hoek et al.2003). Main risk factors of STH in Vietnam include the use of excreta in vegetable cultivation (Van Der Hoek et al.2003), and living in a household without a latrine (Do et al.2007). While a considerable body of evidence exists on STH infection associated with excreta use, little is known about people exposed to excreta while handling excreta to apply it as crop fertilizer relating to the transmission of helminth infections, in particular A. lumbricoides.
Toilet training: what can the cookstove sector learn from improved sanitation promotion?
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Temilade Sesan, Sarah Jewitt, Mike Clifford, Charlotte Ray
Major diseases linked to HAP and a lack of access to modern cooking fuels (most commonly gas and electricity) and stoves include cancers, childhood pneumonia, heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cataracts and burns (GACC [date unknown], [IEA] International Energy Agency and World Bank 2015). Poor sanitation access, on the other hand, is associated with exposure to soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, trachoma, schistosomiasis and diarrhoeal diseases which are linked to 19 per cent of deaths among children under five in low-income areas along with severe childhood stunting (Freeman et al. 2017). These effects make unimproved water/sanitation and HAP leading causes of mortality worldwide: The number of deaths collectively attributed to poor water and sanitation access in 2010 was 360,232, while HAP, responsible for 3,478,773 mortality cases in the same year, was nearly 10 times as deadly (Lim et al. 2012).