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Calcium Phosphate and Bioactive Glasses
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Osmar A. Chanes-Cuevas, José L. Barrera-Bernai, Iñigo Gaitán-S., David Masuoka
There is a need for new biomaterials that can substitute damaged tissues, stimulate the body’s own regenerative mechanisms and promote tissue healing. Porous templates referred to as ‘scaffolds’ are thought to be required for three-dimensional tissue growth. Bioceramics, a special set of fully, partially or non-crystalline ceramics (e.g., calcium phosphates, bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics) that are designed for the repair and reconstruction of diseased parts of the body, have high potential as scaffold materials. Traditionally, bioceramics have been used to fill and restore bone and dental defects (repair of hard tissues). More recently, this category of biomaterials has also revealed promising applications in the field of soft-tissue engineering. Therefore, the use of bioceramics in biomedical applications is on the increase.
Nanoindentation of Soft Tissues and Other Biological Materials
Published in Michelle L. Oyen, Handbook of Nanoindentation with biological applications, 2019
Nanoindentation has been used to measure quasi-static and viscoelastic mechanical properties in a broad range of biological materials, including soft tissues, plants, and spider silk. Because nanoindentation was developed for mechanical characterization of engineering materials such as metals and ceramics, adapting nanoindentation to the study of biological materials has posed many challenges to researchers. The study of soft tissues has posed the most challenges because soft tissues differ the most from traditional engineering materials: they are hydrated, compliant, have time-dependent properties, and have a complex hierarchical microstructure. Efforts to address these properties have led to the development of new nanoindentation sample preparation techniques and data acquisition and analysis methods. While these methods have furthered the field of soft tissue characterization using nanoindentation, there is still a need for continued developments and improvements in many areas in order to ensure that accurate, repeatable, quantitative mechanical properties will be measured in these complex materials using nanoindentation.
The Thoracolumbar Spine
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Brian D. Stemper, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar
Component-level spine studies were conducted to identify the injuries, injury mechanisms and injury metrics which can be used to understand the dynamic biomechanics of the human dorsal spine and define tolerance and injury criteria from tests on upper and lower thoracic and lumbar spinal columns. The protocol for those studies incorporated the use of spine segments obtained from unembalmed PMHS. An essential part of post-test injury determination was to obtain a complete set of pre-test imaging scans that were compared to imaging scans obtained following dynamic testing to identify any bony or catastrophic soft tissue injuries. Computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained prior to the initiation of any dynamic testing and anterior–posterior and lateral radiographs were obtained prior to each dynamic test. Component-level studies discussed in this section were grouped into upper (T2–T6) and lower (T7–T11) thoracic spines and thoracolumbar (T12–L5) columns to assess injury risk in the thoracic or lumbar spinal regions. Experimental preparation used in these tests consisted of mounting superior and inferior ends of the individual columns in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fixative. The mid-plane of the intervertebral disc at the mid-height of the columns was maintained parallel to the ground. The prepared specimen was then connected to the custom testing device (Figure 13.1).
PCL and PCL-based materials in biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Elbay Malikmammadov, Tugba Endogan Tanir, Aysel Kiziltay, Vasif Hasirci, Nesrin Hasirci
Soft tissue engineering solutions, for example those used to repair bladder, cartilage, cornea, heart muscle, nerve and skin require more elastic materials compared to those used for hard tissues. In the past decades, most studies were focused on regeneration of hard tissues. The success in hard tissue engineering has encouraged the investigations towards soft tissue reconstruction [148].