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Biological Risk Assessment
Published in Martha J. Boss, Dennis W. Day, Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2020
The route of entry into the body is unknown. However, the respiratory route is used by many other fungi with abundant conidia. Penicillium may have abundant conidia; thus, the respiratory route of entry is expected. Skin trauma has been associated with local infection, but not with systemic disease. Infection via the digestive route is unusual for filamentous fungi.
Dual controlled release nanomicelle-in-nanofiber system for long-term antibacterial medical dressings
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Hui Yu, Xiaojing Chen, Jie Cai, Dongdong Ye, Yuxiao Wu, Peifeng Liu
Skin trauma refers to damaged skin structure, caused by external physical, chemical, or biological factors. It includes acute wounds from mechanical injury, burns, or surgery, as well as chronic wounds such as pressure ulcers, diabetic foot disease, and venous leg ulcers [1,2]. Skin wound healing is a complex but orderly biological process whereby skin tissue responds to trauma and repairs itself. The healing process can be divided into several stages. In the order of occurrence, they are inflammation (15 min to 6 days), proliferation (2–3 days to 2–3 weeks), and maturation (3 weeks to 2 years) [3,4]. Skin wounds that do not heal quickly are susceptible to infection. This can lead to chronic ulcers, which seriously affect the quality of life. If an infection spreads, it can lead to a life-threatening sepsis. World Health Organization statistics show that there are over 11 million burn victims every year. Of those, 260,000 die of infection. Research has shown that 15% of diabetes patients have diabetic foot ulcers for life, and 84% of those have infected foot ulcers. Globally, this leads to one amputation every 30 s [5,6]. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop a long-term antibacterial medical dressing to prevent wounds from becoming infected during the healing process.