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Techniques to Evaluate Damage and Pain on Injection
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Srinidi Mohan, Gayle A. Brazeau, Pramod Gupta
Pain upon injection is an unpleasant sensation associated with the injection of a formulation (as defined in the above paragraph). Pain upon injection is often acute in nature as it is limited to the normal time for healing or the time necessary for neutralization of the initiating or causative factors. Evaluating the potential of a formulation to cause pain has been found to be more difficult to quantify experimentally as this process is associated with the activation of pain receptors, nociceptors, at the injection site. The sensation of pain is mediated in the periphery by multiple sets of specialized afferents called nociceptors. A brief overview is provided as an introduction to this topic. For more specific information about acute versus chronic pain, the reviews by Brazeau, Schmelz, Dussor, and Mense should be consulted [5–8].
Thermoregulation and Human Response to Heat
Published in Ken Parsons, Human Heat Stress, 2019
The response of the skin sensors is not linearly related to temperature, and the rate of firing of nerve endings has a different temperature response depending upon whether they are hot or cold sensors. The hot sensors are deeper in the dermis of the skin and fire at a higher temperature range than the cold sensors. When outside of the range of effective operation, the sensors provide anomalous results leading to extreme cold being reported as hot for example. Adaptation also occurs where sensations reduce in intensity over time even though the physical stimulus does not change. A party trick is to place the left hand in cold water and the right hand in warm water. After a time, place both hands in “neutral” water. The left hand will feel warm and the right hand will feel cold even though they are in the same water and receive identical stimuli. Kenshalo (1970) has demonstrated this more systematically for forearm temperatures, for both the adaptive and the rate of change of temperatures. If the rate of change of temperature is sufficiently slow, (e.g., <0.02 K s−1) then, from a neutral starting point, people cannot detect a change in temperature of 1°C cooler or up to 3°C warmer. This is part of the rationale behind the method of cooling people in water baths in heat waves without causing a thermal shock (Parsons, 2014). The temperature sensors in the body respond to temperature, but their response is nonlinear and the information transferred to the brain requires integration and interpretation.
THE EFFECTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN ON WORK PERFORMANCE: WHICH PAIN MEASUREMENT TOOL SHOULD BE USED
Published in Paul T. McCabe, Contemporary Ergonomics 2004, 2018
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as 'an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage' (Merskey et al, 1979). As it is stated by Caraceni et al (2002), pain is a subjective sensation that can be described according to several relevant futures such as quality, location, intensity, aversiveness, emotional impact and frequency. Melzack and Casey (1968) proposed a multidimensional model for pain that groups the features mentioned by Caraceni et al (2002) under three distinct dimensions (Price, 1988). 1) The sensory discriminative dimension composes experiences such as location, quality, and intensity of the painful sensation, and other spatial and temporal characteristics. 2) The cognitive-evaluative dimension is related to the interpretation of perceived pain, as what is taking place and what might take place in relation to this sensation. 3) Finally the affective-motivational dimension is the felt sense of perceived and interpreted pain in relation to one's desire to avoid harm and/or one's expectation of avoiding harm.
Research on effective recognition of alarm signals in a human–machine system based on cognitive neural experiments
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Yun Teng, Yuwei Sun, Xinlin Chen, Mei Zhang
Compared with the second type, the third type of alarm signal is easier for human vision to accept as a straight-line contour rather than a curve contour. At the same time, the advantage of the third type of alarm signal is the change of graphic orientation, which makes people more sensitive to dynamic information. In the design and use of machinery and equipment, we need to fully consider human reliability. When the brain wakes up in different states, human reliability is also different. Due to various restrictions on information processing, errors may occur anytime and anywhere. Guastello [58] found that most human errors are not caused by irresponsibility, and poor system design is the main reason [59]. Sensation involves the physical characteristics of external stimuli, and perception involves the cognitive characteristics of human beings. Cognitive load can be divided into internal, external and effective cognitive load. Internal cognitive load is the load of interaction between information elements; external cognitive load is the additional load beyond internal cognitive load; and effective cognitive load is the load related to the process of promoting graphic construction and graphic automation [60]. If the external cognitive load is minimized and the effective cognitive load is increased, so that the total cognitive load of the task does not exceed the individual cognitive load, the work efficiency will be improved. In the complex human–computer system, cognitive load is high, even overloaded. Therefore, signal design needs to distinguish different information sources as far as possible to ensure clear boundaries.
Navigation through unknown and dynamic open spaces using topological notions
Published in Connection Science, 2018
Human beings react to sensations or perceptions. While a sensation is a simple structure of information, perception is a complex one. Thus, when a human being burns a hand after placing it on something hot, the reaction is to instantly retract it based on the signal provided by the direct, painful sensation. When an object rapidly closes in on a human face, that person's eyes will blink and they may even move their head, in this case reacting to their perception that an object is approaching. In this situation, the reaction is more complex because the person is detecting an object which is moving towards the person's face. The objective of the MROTN programme is to apply topological notions. Inevitably, this also necessitates that the environmental information in the system be organised into objects and relations among them. The reactivity that is thus investigated by MROTN is a response to relations between agents and objects in the environment. This differs from the reactive algorithms developed up to now which use direct signals captured by the sensors or quantitative values calculated from the data captured by the sensors as bumpers or infrared. Utilising the distinction between the two kinds of reactivity, the reactivity researched by MROTN is second-order reactivity, while that of the algorithms developed until now, such as bug, is called first-order reactivity.2 Later, in detail, the TQNA 1.0 architecture will be shown to react to the relations which are encountered in its environment by means of HTQS.
A multi-channel peripheral nerve stimulator with integrate-and-fire encoding
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Aritra Kundu, Ahmed Fahmy, Ryan Madler, Kevin Otto, Erin Patrick, Jose Principe, Nima Maghari, Rizwan Bashirullah
To complement a neural interface intended for long-term patient use, implantable electronics for neural stimulators are needed [9–11]. In addition to small form factors and low power consumption necessary for implantation, the stimulator architecture should also have provisions for real-time control. There should be electronics that are able to transduce the artificial sensory signals (e.g., voltage levels from pressure sensors on the prosthetic arm) into parameters for electrical stimulation of the nerve fibres that evoke representative tactile sensations.