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Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Venous malformations are developmental abnormalities of the veins, resulting in clusters of disorganised venous structures in various locations in the body. The upper and lower limbs are common sites for venous malformations to form. Treatment is performed under the care of a multidisciplinary team including interventional radiologists, plastic surgeons, vascular surgeons and dermatologists. Radiological treatment is with sclerotherapy, using a variety of agents, injected under ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance, the aim to thrombose the abnormal veins and reduce symptoms related to them. A detailed account of the treatment of venous malformations is beyond the scope of this book and more specialist texts should be consulted by those involved in treating these lesions.
Recent developments on foaming mechanical and electronic techniques for the management of varicose veins
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
C. Davide Critello, Salvatore A. Pullano, Thomas J. Matula, Stefano De Franciscis, Raffaele Serra, Antonino S. Fiorillo
Foam sclerotherapy has become a valid alternative to other minimally invasive procedures being less invasive and cost-effective. Compared to laser treatments and other modalities, the cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy is much more obvious in the medium term (6 months), since the recurrence rates are higher at 5 years [8]. The foam treatment can be performed in an outpatient setting such as a physician’s office. It is also less aggressive, less painful, and needs no anesthesia as compared to the other endovenous ablation treatments [9]. Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a chemical agent with the aim of inducing vein obliteration. This is the oldest among the minimally invasive procedures since first injection treatments date back in 1853. However, sclerotherapy was popularized by Fegan in the 1960s. The idea of injecting chemical agents in foam format has been around for more than 70 years [10]. Renewed interest has resulted from superior efficacy in comparison with liquid injections [11]. Other advantages have concerned a larger contact surface with the endothelial, less amount of sclerosing agent to be injected, intense and prolonged venous spasm, homogeneous filling of the venous lumen, echogenicity, low percentage of recanalization and less tissue damage during extravasation.