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Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Anesthetic Drugs: Dealing With Pain, Inflammation, and Fever
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Hippocrates prescribed extracts of willow bark and leaves for treating of inflammation and fever in the fourth century BCE. A publication in 1763 by an English clergyman described the effects of dried willow bark on fever.1 This study was based on two nonscientific ideas: (1) cures of diseases were thought to be found in proximity to their causes; thus, the association between swamps (bad air, fever) and willows; and (2) quinine (bitter taste) was known to lower fever and willow, too, had a bitter taste. While the theory was wrong, the conclusion was correct. By the mid-19th century, the active ingredient in willow bark had been identified as salicin, a glycoside of salicyl alcohol. It is hydrolyzed and metabolized to salicylic acid. Oil of wintergreen, from the American plant Gaultheria procumbens, a source of methyl salicylate, was used in ointments that had anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. By 1860, salicylic acid was being manufactured as an anti-inflammatory, but it was very irritating to the stomach. Acetyl salicylate, aspirin, was introduced in 1898 by Bayer and has remained in wide use since that time.
Characterization and adsorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solution onto Salix alba L. (Willow tree) leaves powder and its respective biochar
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Fairooz Ahmad Khan, Bashir Ahmad Dar, Mazahar Farooqui
Willow tree having family Salicaceae is a native to Europe and western and central Asia. Its size ranges from medium to large deciduous tree growing 10–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter. It is also found in Kashmir India as an important plant for wood and its leaves are used for cattle feed throughout Kashmir valley. It is usually found in wet or poorly drained soil at the edge of pools, lakes, streams or rivers. It has wide spreading roots which absorb moisture from a large surrounding area. The wood is tough, strong and light in weight but has good resistance to decay, is used for making cricket bats, basket making, charcoal manufacture, apple cases, etc. Salicylic acid like aspirin is a chemical derivative of salicin obtained from the extract of bark of willow tree. Since, MG dye is used for various purposes like dyeing textile, leather, etc. but is not wholly absorbed or adsorbed by these materials. A significant part of MG dye gets waste and is released as effluent from these sources. This effluent is dangerous for living organisms especially aquatic ones therefore, the need of its removal before entering the fresh water bodies. In the present paper, batch mode adsorption method was used to remove MG dye from aqueous solution using MLP and MLB adsorbents and the results obtained are given in tables. The adsorption percentage of MG dye onto given adsorbents obtained is almost similar to the adsorbents found in literature like biochar derived from sheep manure (98.94%), rice husk (95.7%), wood apple shell (98.87%), etc. (Muinde et al.2017; Sartape et al.2017; Dilekoğlu 2021).
Salix alba (white willow) medicinal plant presents genotoxic effects in human cultured leukocytes
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Edson Luis Maistro, Peterson Menezes Terrazzas, Fábio Ferreira Perazzo, Isabel O’Neill De Mascarenhas Gaivão, Alexandra Christinie Helena Frankland Sawaya, Paulo Cesar Pires Rosa
Salix alba (SA), commonly known as white willow, is a plant that belongs to the Salicaceae family. Historically, this plant was used for therapeutic purposes, in particular for treatment of fever, skin diseases, infections, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis, tendonitis, and in general, lumbar pain, joint pain, headaches, menstrual cramps, and flushing (Agnolet et al. 2012; Drummond et al. 2013; Qureshi, Khatoon, and Ahmed 2015; Shara and Stohs 2015). The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties may be related to salicin, the main component of Salix alba, an analogous precursor of the most widespread anti-inflammatory drug used, acetylsalicylic acid (Farinacci et al. 2008; Hedner and Everts 1998; Shara and Stohs 2015; Souza et al. 2009). Other substances also found in the extract of SA may also be related to the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of this extract, such as flavonoids and tannins (Agnolet et al. 2012; Drummond et al. 2013; Williamson 2001). In addition to the anti-inflammatory effects, SA bark extract demonstrated anti-oxidant activity in different test systems (Ishikado et al. 2012; Jukic et al. 2012; Katiki et al. 2013), and modulated the inhibitory activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, an important step in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (Jukic et al. 2012). Despite the long history of use willow bark extract, relatively few human and animal studies have been published that confirm anecdotal observations (Shara and Stohs 2015).