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Published in Michael L. Madigan, HAZMAT Guide for First Responders, 2017
The first-arriving crew will conduct triage. Prehospital emergency triage generally consists of a check for immediate life-threatening concerns, usually lasting no more than one minute per patient. In North America, the START system (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is the most common and is considered the easiest to use. Using START, the medical responder assigns each patient to one of the four color-coded triage levels, based on their breathing, circulation, and mental status.
Mass Casualty Incident and Mass Fatality Incident
Published in Michael L. Madigan, Handbook of Emergency Management Concepts, 2017
The first-arriving crew will conduct triage. Prehospital emergency triage generally consists of a check for immediate life-threatening concerns, usually lasting no more than one minute per patient. In North America, the START system (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is the most common and is considered the easiest to use. Using START, the medical responder assigns each patient to one of four color-coded triage levels, based on his or her breathing, circulation, and mental status.
A Dynamic Patients Dispatch and Treatment Model for Resilience Evaluation of Interdependent Transportation-Healthcare System
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Shun-Shun Pei, Chang-Hai Zhai, Wei-Ping Wen, Peng Yu, Zhen-Qiang Wang
According to historical experience, the casualties from a strong earthquake are related to many factors, such as the collapse of buildings, population, and the occurrence time of the earthquake. Based on the existing statistical analysis of earthquake casualties, this study refers to the casualty model in HAZUS-4.2 (FEMA 2020) to predict the casualties under different building types at different times after the earthquake. The injury classification is defined according to whether the respiratory cycle is stable or not, with a four-level injury severity scale (Coburn 1992; Durkin and Thiel 1993). The most widely adopted mass-casualty triage standard named START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) classifies patients after a mass-casualty incident into four different classes, i.e. minor, delayed, immediate and expectant. The comparison between the injury classification in HAZUS-4.2 (FEMA 2020) and that in START (Benson, Koenig, and Schultz 1996) is shown in Table 1.
Emergency medical service resource allocation in a mass casualty incident by integrating patient prioritization and hospital selection problems
Published in IISE Transactions, 2020
The process of grouping patients and prioritizing them for EMS provision is called triage. In a triage process, patients are classified into several groups based on the severity of their injuries, based on which they are accordingly prioritized for transportation to a hospital. The most widely practiced triage system is “Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment (START)”, where patients are grouped into four classes – expectant, immediate, delayed, and minor (Jenkins et al., 2008). This classification is based on airway patency, breathing rate, the presence of radial pulse, and the ability to walk and follow commands. Once classified, START uses them to assign transport priority to the patients: the highest priority to patients is in the immediate class, the second–highest priority is in the delayed class, and the lowest priority is the remainder. Other triage methods (e.g., SALT (Sort–Assess–Life-saving intervention–Transport)), operate in a similar manner.