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Birds: Pesticide Use Impacts
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Biological and Ecological Systems, 2020
It is not always feasible to investigate the effects of a single pesticide. In a number of cropping situations, several pesticides are used as a mix or in quick succession, making the identification of compound-specific impacts difficult. In agricultural systems, the mosaic of treated fields can be so complex as to make it difficult to assess exposure to any one pesticide. Two approaches then suggest themselves: 1) treated sites or landscapes are compared to non-treated areas, provided those can be found, and 2) the “severity” of treatment (the a priori expectation of toxicity) for any given site is used as a variable against which a number of different parameters (such as reproductive success) are regressed. Great care must be taken in comparing treated to non-treated areas because they are likely to differ in other ways as well.
Pollution
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Vera Lucia S.S. de Castro, Paola Poli
Both chronic and acute contamination of watershed by pesticides dissolved or adsorbed to soil particles can affect aquatic organisms. Pesticide toxicity may occur in a broad range of non-target aquatic organisms, both in plants from microalgae to macrophytes and in animals from microinvertebrates to fish predators. The possible effects of pesticide exposure on fish are of interest because of the position of fish in the food chain and because early life stages of fish have been shown to be highly sensitive to pollutants. Genotoxicity assessment in fish has been highlighted since the implications of the genotoxic effects are impacting on fitness traits such as reproductive success, genetic patterns, and subsequent population dynamics.[29]
Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems is injurious to fish health. Toxic heavy metals affect fish physiology. Heavy metal exposure causes biochemical, hematological, and histological changes in fish. Heavy metals are strong neurotoxins in fish (Baatrup 1991). Extended exposure to toxic heavy metals can cause degeneration of the epithelium (Javed and Usmani 2013). Javed and Usmani (2015) have studied the stress response of different biomolecules in the fish Channa punctatus in a river contaminated by effluents from a thermal power plant. They have reported that heavy metals-containing wastewater induced stress, causing weakness in fish and making them vulnerable to diseases. Pollution may also decrease reproductive success by affecting the genotype (Pal and Ghosh 2013). Heavy metal pollution has been suggested as one of the major reasons for rapid decline in populations of the endangered South Asian freshwater fish Tor putitora in River Kabul, Pakistan (Yousafzai et al.2009). Recently, marble industry effluents were associated with lower species abundance and diversity in River Barandu, Pakistan (Mulk et al.2016). Exposure of fish to As causes hyperglycemia, depletion of enzymatic activities, and dysfunction of immune system (Kumari et al.2017).