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Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The urinary (or renal) system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra, as shown in Fig. 4.3. The kidney’s functional units are called nephrons. The renal system not only eliminates waste but regulates blood volume and blood pressure, manages electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Blood is supplied to the kidneys via renal arteries. Following blood filtration, it leaves the kidneys via the renal vein. Waste products (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibers. They move urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The kidney is one of the most important organs involved in the elimination of waste products and unwanted substances from the body. The blood supply and blood vessels and the structure of the kidney enable the entire blood volume of an individual to be filtered 20–25 times a day. The purified blood is returned to the circulation by the renal veins.
Urinary system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Renal vein thrombosis may occur in cases of nephritic syndrome and is a potential complication of renal tumours, although the vast majority of cases occur in neonates. Ultrasound is a rapid and non-invasive way of investigating this condition. Many kidney conditions are connected with developmental anomalies [10], and so these are seen relatively frequently.
Effects of exposure to ethanolic extract from Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. flowers on reproductive and developmental parameters in Wistar rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Marcela Dias Maciel, Leonardo Cesar Lima Inocêncio, Mayra Schmidt Rechsteiner, Barbara Campos Jorge, Paola da Silva Balin, Roberto Mikio Kassuya, Silvia Cristina Heredia-Vieira, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Maria do Carmo Vieira, Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya, Arielle Cristina Arena
The males were treated after the mating period until the total dosing period of 28 days was completed (OECD, 2008). During treatment, daily body weight, food and water intake, and possible signs of toxicity were observed and recorded. At the end of the observation period, all animals were anesthetized and blood samples collected from the renal vein with and without anticoagulant (Heparin 5.000 UI/mL, Heparin® – Cristália) for subsequent hematological and biochemical analysis. After collecting blood, kidneys, liver, testis, epididymis, and thyroid of males were fixed in Bouin’s solution for 24 hr, embedded in paraplast and sectioned at 5 µm. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined under a light microscopy. Any alterations compared to the normal histology were recorded (Cunha et al. 2009; Martey, Armah, and Okine 2010).
Assessment of urinary protein composition in response to consecutive days of wildland firefighting
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
The findings of the current study indicate that glomerular and tubular disturbance appears not to be observed when work intensity is light to moderate, and the degree of glomerular dysfunction may not concomitantly be associated with tubular impairment. Although there could have also been training adaptation as all participants were military personnel better prepared/trained for the task, it remains to be elucidated whether long-lasting exposure to wildland firefighting activity induces a chronic glomerular and tubular disturbance, considering the physical fitness level. In this regard, further research is required to clarify the mechanisms between glomerular and tubular protein excretion patterns induced by repeated and long-lasting wildland firefighting (e.g., seasonal effect), considering the presence of several factors such as renal ischemia and vasoconstriction, increased renal vein pressure and bladder contusions [45]. Such comprehensive research may provide wildland firefighters and occupational physiologists with additional information about optimal strategies to work in the complex environment.
Disposition of methylmercury over time in a 75% nephrectomized rat model
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Sarah E. Orr, Lucy Joshee, Jennifer Barkin, Christy C. Bridges
Wistar rats undergoing the 75% NPX surgery were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of ketamine (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (6 mg/kg), following which, an incision was made down the ventral midline through the skin and musculature. The right kidney was isolated from the perinephric fascia and renal artery, renal vein, and ureter were ligated with 4-0 silk suture. The right kidney was removed completely without injuring the liver and adrenal gland. Subsequently, the posterior branch of the left renal artery was ligated with 2-0 silk suture as to eliminate blood supply to approximately 50% of the nephrons. The eventual result of this surgical procedure is an experimental rat model of kidney disease with approximately 25% functional renal mass. The NPX animals were allowed a 3–4-week recovery period prior to administration of mercury.