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MOF-based Electrochemical Sensors for Viruses/Bacteria
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tahir Rasheed, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Muhammad Bilal, Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring, 2022
Hessamaddin Sohrabi, Mir Reza Majidi, Ahad Mokhtarzadeh, Karim Asadpour-Zeynali
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based Hepatitis-C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) identification and measurement is the fundamental element in infection control, administration, and response to remedy because of its sensitivity, specificity, and quantification capabilities. However, some disadvantages are considered to be the requirement of high-tech laboratory equipment, time-consuming and costly which limit the utilization of this approach in rapid diagnosis, point-of-care testing, and blood banks (POCT). According to another research, Sheta et al. [46] fabricated a new label-free electrochemical biosensor that takes advantage of polyaniline@nickel MOF (Ni- MOF) nanocomposite to develop the immediate detection of unamplified HCV nucleic acid (Figure 30.12). Using the smooth layer-by-layer installation of the bovine serum albumin (BSA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and polyaniline@Ni-MOFnanocomposite onto a GCE, a strong biosensor has been constructed, and then, it has been examined in real-time by EIS and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Using the EIS method, it is possible to observe the specificity and sensitivity of the devised biosensor. The values represented the linear range of 1 fM-100 nM with a 0.75-fM LOD (at an S/N ratio of 3) for the biosensor. By presenting cost-effectiveness and accuracy especially in developing countries, such outcomes have positive effects on the quantitative detection of HCV RNA and other nucleic acids. Furthermore, it is possible to adapt this biosensor for full automation and utilized it in point-of-care testing.
Microbial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Microorganisms are used to produce insulin, growth hormone, and antibodies. Diagnostic assays that use monoclonal antibody, DNA probe technology, or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used as rapid tests for pathogenic organisms in the clinical laboratory. Microorganisms may also help in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Research shows that clostridia can selectively target cancer cells. Various strains of nonpathogenic clostridia have been shown to infiltrate and replicate within solid tumors. Clostridia therefore have the potential to deliver therapeutic proteins to tumors. Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria possess numerous potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
Gene doping: Present and future
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Rebeca Araujo Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior, Daniel Junqueira Dorta
One of the techniques that is most frequently employed to identify therapeutic vectors and transgenic expression is real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which allows both the identification of extraneous DNA sequences (e.g. vector sequences or copy number variations of a candidate gene), as well as quantitative and qualitative measurements of mRNA transcribed by a candidate gene. Although the PCR methodology is subject to several types of external contamination, which can provide false-positive results, a research group from Australia has been able to circumvent this issue and to establish a real-time PCR-based assay to detect EPO cDNA and plasmid sequences. Moreover, the synthetic reference material developed by Baoutina et al. (2016) can be applied not only in PCR, but also in the advancement of genomics and transcriptomics.