China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanomedicine for Radiation Therapy
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Radiosensitizer is a substance that improves the sensitivity of cancer cells to irradiation for more efficient radiotherapy. Example of radiosensitizers includes wortmannin, fluorouracil (5-FU, Adrucil) and cisplatin (Platinol). Radiosensitizers will accumulate in tumor more efficiently by being formulated with nanoparticles. For example, wortmannin is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3′kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase-related kinases such as DNA-dependent protein kinases. It was confirmed by preclinical study as an effective radiosensitizer. However, its efficacy is limited by poor physicochemical properties including low solubility, low instability, and high toxicity. Wang et al. developed a core-shell nanoparticle with PLGA polymer core and DSPE-PEG-lipid shell for wortmannin delivery. It showed superiority in a KB cell-xenografted mice model with three to five times higher MTD, compared with free wortmannin (see Figure 17.2) (Karve et al., 2012). Similar approaches have been applied in DNA double-strand repair inhibitors. DNA double-strand repair inhibitors such as histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) show low efficiency in solid malignancies. This limitation can be overcome by loading them into nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can release HDACI in a sustained and controlled manner. It has been demonstrated that HDACI-loaded nanoparticles were more effective than free HDACIs in xenograft models of colorectal and prostate carcinomas (Wang, 2015).
Silicon dots in radiotherapy
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook, 2017
María L. Dell´Arciprete, Mónica C. Gonzalez, Roxana M. Gorojod, Mónica L. Kotler
The delivery of a curative dose of radiation to a tumor while sparing normal tissues is still a great challenge in radiation therapy. The ongoing advances will endeavour to increase the survival and reduce treatment side effects for patients. Among the major approaches developed to improve the clinical outcome of radiotherapy, the enhancement of tumor tissues susceptibility to injury by radiation exposure has emerged as a persistent hotspot in radiation oncology. For this purpose, either therapeutic or otherwise inert agents are used. The National Cancer Institute (NCI 2016) defines the terms “radiosensitizer” and “radiosensitizing agent” as any substance that makes tumor cells easier to kill with radiation therapy. In this sense, application of tumor-targeted nanoparticles as radiosensitizers, has been an issue of considerable interest over the last few years.
Advanced Topics in Gold Nanoparticles: Biomedical Applications
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
Even though hyperthermia can kill cells on its own, it is more often used in combination with other treatments such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy; such combinations are in clinical trials. An increase in nuclear damage is one of the mechanisms through which cells are radiosensitized after hyperthermia. In addition, the higher temperature causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing oxygenation of the tumor. Since oxygen is a potent radiosensitizer, it can increase the damage to the tumor through generation of free radicals.
Gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizer for radiotherapy and diagnosis of COVID-19: A review
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2022
Abdul Khaliq Mokhtar, Norsyahidah Mohd Hidzir, Faizal Mohamed, Irman Abdul Rahman, Syazwani Mohd Fadzil, Afifah Mardhiah Mohamed Radzi, Nur Ain Mohd Radzali
A high-Z radiosensitizer is often introduced into cancer cells to increase their sensitivity toward radiation. One promising candidate for a high-Z radiosensitizing agent is gold nanoparticles (AuNP) [20] due to its various unique characteristics. Therefore, this review focuses on AuNP as a radiosensitizer specifically for assisting radiotherapy. In addition, the advantage of AuNP in combating the current outbreak of COVID-19 is also discussed.