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Aptamers in Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic Diseases
Published in Rakesh N. Veedu, Aptamers, 2017
Henning Ulrich, Arquimedes Cheffer, Flávia M. Zimbres, Attila Tárnok, Carsten Wrenger
The rabies virus (RABV) causes a zoonotic disease named rabies, which is transmitted through contact with infected saliva during a bite or through direct contact with mucosal tissues. The viral infection leads to an acute fatal encephalitis, resulting in coma and death. Various warm-blooded mammals are affected by this infectious disease. To date, there is no available approved therapy against the clinical signs of the disease. As the infection is lethal in all the cases, the development of a cheap and effective drug has drawn attention. The aptamers represent, in this sense, a promising alternative. Indeed, aptamers have already been selected against RABV-infected cells by using the cell-SELEX technique [62]. These aptamers were posteriorly employed in viral titer assays, demonstrating that viral replication is inhibited in RABV-infected cells while no blockade of the canine distemper virus or canine parvovirus replication was observed, which confirms the specificity of the selected aptamers. Most importantly, the aptamers have been demonstrated to protect mice to some extent from RABV infection. Interestingly, the aptamers had a protective effect, since only circa 15% of the previously aptamer-treated animals died after inoculation with CVS-11. On the other hand, almost no mice survived when the aptamers were used for treatment [62].
Biological Hazards
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The early symptoms of rabies in people are similar to those of many other illnesses, including fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort. As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation (increase in saliva), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset of these symptoms.12
Biological Hazards
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The early symptoms of rabies in people are similar to that of many other illnesses, including fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort. As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation (increase in saliva), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset of these symptoms.12
Production and characterization of a conserved M2e peptide-based specific IgY antibody: evaluation of the diagnostic potential via conjugation with latex nanoparticles
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Burak Ozdemir, Zeynep Kaya, Selim Badur
Latex agglutination assays are easy to apply, low-cost, non-hazardous, nontoxic, able to quickly provide results, and based on the aggregation of latex particles in response to antibody and antigen interactions. Monoclonal antibodies are generally used in latex agglutination assays to diagnose bacteria and viruses and their induced diseases.[61] For example, a latex agglutination assay was used to diagnose several bacteria and viruses such as Leptospira,[62]Burkholderia pseudomallei,[63]Burkholderia mallei,[64]Streptococcus agalactiae,[65]Clostridium difficile,[66]Toxoplasma gondii,[67] rabies virus,[49] swine influenza virus,[68] rotavirus,[69] foot and mouth disease virus,[70] and enterovirus.[71] The current study aims to use anti-M2e IgY antibodies in a latex agglutination test to diagnose the influenza virus considering the advantages of IgY antibodies and M2e peptide.
Drying of Vaccines and Biomolecules
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Bhaskar N. Thorat, Ayantika Sett, A. S. Mujumdar
The moist agglomeration process by high-shear mixing/granulation, that is, the wet massing, screening and subsequent drying is widespread and a critical unit operation. Leuenberger et al. studied science-based virtual equipment simulator that was developed mimicking the granule size evolution in a fluidized bed granulator during the addition of granulating liquid. They concluded, from a rigorous scientific point of view, that there is no clear “end-point” for the wet agglomeration process neither in case of the high-shear granulation nor in case of the fluidized bed agglomeration and drying process.[26] The method of stabilizing biomaterials by evaporation can be traced back to prehistoric times.[27] The disease of small pox was countered in those days by the use of impregnated threads of dried vaccines. It was only by the end of 19th century that the process of lyophilization was discovered by Altaman and Shackell using sound scientific basis. Later in the early part of 2nd decade of 20th century, rabies virus dried using lyophilization was reported by Vansteenberg. Thereafter, it became a norm for drying of vaccines and other biomolecules. In recent times, freeze drying which is an alternative nomenclature for lyophilization has been in practice not only for drying of vaccines but also several biologicals including some of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Some highly perishable food items that are desired to be maintained in its original structural and physical form, freeze drying offers the most expensive yet viable solution, at times justifying the higher cost associated with the process.[28]