China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Recombinant vaccines: Gag-based VLPs
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Laura Cervera, Irene González-Domínguez, Jesús Lavado-García, Francesc Gòdia
Interest in Gag VLPs has not been limited to HIV-1 vaccines; the development of chimeric VLPs against different diseases or for delivery strategies has been also described in the literature. In Table 10.1, different applications entailing the use of Gag VLPs are listed. Several authors have exploited the Gag polyprotein for antigen presentation of influenza, Dengue, West Nile Virus, HPV, equine herpes virus and pseudorabies immunogens (Table 10.1). Furthermore, genetic modifications into the Gag sequence have been explored for the delivery of nucleic acids, enzymes, or drugs. Vorácková and co-workers used M-PMV (Mason-Pfizer monkey virus) Gag VLPs, as nanocages, producing the recombinant Gag subunits in E. coli and performing their assembly ex vivo loading small interference RNA (siRNA) inside the nanoparticles [23]. Kaczmarczyk et al. generated fusion Gag proteins with several prodrugs and enzymes and demonstrated its directed delivery in vitro [24]. The immunogenicity of VLPs has been also studied in cancer research [25].
Carbon Dots
Published in Sarika Verma, Raju Khan, Avanish Kumar Srivastava, Advanced Nanocarbon Materials, 2022
Chinnu Sabu, V. K. Ameena Shirin, Renu Sankar, K. Pramod
Several studies on the antiviral activity of CDs have been reported. A recent study has shown that CD-treatment of porcine kidney cells and monkey kidney cells could inhibit the replication of the pseudorabies virus and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. The inhibition of virus replication involves the activation of interferons, which are innate antiviral immunity molecules (Du et al. 2016). EDA CDs show an inhibitory effect against a virus-like particle that binds to histo-blood group antigens on human cells (Dong et al. 2017). CDs prepared from benzoxamine monomer could inhibit infection in vitro by flaviviruses and non-enveloped viruses by direct attachment to the surface of the virion and finally inhibiting replication (Huang et al. 2019).
Validation of Recovery and Purification Processes
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
For proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology in mammalian or human cells (e.g., CHO, BHK, C127, HEK-293, and hybridomas), virus removal and inactivation validation include model viruses possessing a range of biophysical and structural features.68 The viruses used almost always include Xenotropic Murine Leukemia virus (a model retrovirus),69 Minute Virus of Mouse, and two or three additional viruses that are enveloped and non-enveloped and DNA or RNA viruses with different diameters and geometries. Examples of additional DNA viruses used in viral clearance studies include Herpes Simplex 1 (enveloped) and SV-40 (non-enveloped) and RNA viruses include Sabin Type I Polio (non-enveloped) and Influenza Type A (enveloped). Additional viruses commonly used in viral clearance studies include Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus, Reovirus Type III, Epstein-bar Virus (hybridomas), and Pseudorabies Virus. When choosing an appropriate challenge virus, preference should be given to those viruses that display a significant resistance to physical and/or chemical agents.
Safety and bioactivity assessment of aqueous extract of Thai Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.) Leaf
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Orawan Khantamat, Nahathai Dukaew, Jirarat Karinchai, Teera Chewonarin, Pornsiri Pitchakarn, Piya Temviriyanukul
It is of interest that Liu et al. (2016) reported that luteolin inhibited NF-κB activation, iNOS, and COX-2 expression, and decreased production of NO, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in pseudorabies virus-infected RAW 264.7 cells. Quercetin was found to exert an inhibitory effect on NO and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated microglia cells (Mrvova et al. 2015) and reduced NO production in ochratoxin-stimulated human hepatoma HepG2 cells by blocking COX-2 and NF-κB expression (Ramyaa, Krishnaswamy, and Padma 2014). Further in mouse models, apigenin reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression and diminished NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), levels respectively (Ha et al. 2008). All these previous studies, in which the anti-inflammatory effect of individual phenolics and flavonoids were examined suggested Thai henna leaf extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. The HAE and HHE are composed of various phenolics and flavonoids, and their bioactivities cannot be attributed to one specific compound. However, it is still necessary to further elucidate whether the combination of active constituents or only a specific compound in the HAE and HHE is predominantly involved in their bioactivities, and whether the genome or protein network in the molecular inflammation process is directly influenced by HAE and HHE mechanisms.
Nanomaterials against pathogenic viruses: greener and sustainable approaches
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Ghazaleh Jamalipour Soufi, Siavash Iravani
The antiviral potentials of graphene oxide against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and pseudorabies virus were analyzed. Accordingly, graphene oxide could significantly prevent these viral infections at non-cytotoxic concentrations, for a two log diminution in virus titers.[69] Remarkably, graphene oxide exhibited suitable antiviral activities when linked with polyvinylpyrrolidone, but not when linked with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). Further, graphite and graphene oxide had poor antiviral activity than monolayer graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, signifying that the nano-sheet constitution is important for antiviral properties. Notably, graphene oxide incapacitated viruses by structural damage before the access of virus in to the cells.[69] In another study, silver NP-modified graphene oxide nanocomposites self-accumulated through electrostatic energy have been applied for inhibition of the entrance into the host cells for respiratory syndrome and porcine reproductive virus (∼59% inhibition). The prepared nanocomposite inhibited the proliferation of viruses by increasing the generation of IFN-stimulating genes and interferon-α.[70] These nanocomposites should be constructed and evaluated for potential antiviral activities against CoVs, especially in the case of SARS-CoV-2.
Chelidonium majus crude extract induces activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enhances their cytotoxic effect toward HeLa cells
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Ana Popovic, Milena Deljanin, Suzana Popovic, Danijela Todorovic, Predrag Djurdjevic, Sanja Matic, Milan Stankovic, Dusko Avramovic, Dejan Baskic
A significantly higher ratio of double positive (CD4+ and CD8+) T lymphocytes originating from Th cells was found after treatment with all tested concentrations of CME. In general, mature T lymphocytes express, along with TCR receptor, either CD4 or CD8 coreceptor. However, T lymphocytes expressing both CD4 and CD8 molecules have been found in peripheral blood of humans, as well as other species (Blue et al. 1986; Ober et al. 1998; Zuckermann 1999). Double positive T lymphocytes (DPTs) are rare in human circulation (<5%), but their frequency rises in infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders (Rahemtullah et al. 2006; Nascimbeni et al. 2011; Quandt et al. 2014). There is still disagreement about the function of DPTs. A suppressive role in metastatic colorectal cancer was shown by Sarrabayrouse et al. (2011). Wu et al. (2014) showed that DPTs suppress the production of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. However, Ober et al. (1998) demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in swine were able to induce antibody production after exposure to Pseudorabies virus. In humans, 48-h exposure of PBMNCs to mitogen increased the frequency of DPTs that originated from CD4+ subpopulation and expressed several activation markers (Blue et al. 1986). Raising evidence shows that CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes have helper activities, although lower than the single positive CD4+ cells, but cytotoxic activity is comparable to that of CD8+ cells (Nam et al. 2000). In accordance with the report of Mucida et al. (2013), we found that the double positive T lymphocytes originate from Th cells. The rising percentage of these double-armed Th cells found in our study led us to assume that CME treatment enhanced the cytotoxic potential of T lymphocytes, making them more efficient in eliminating infected and cancer cells.