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In vitro Evaluation
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
However, in this chapter, 2D immunoelectrophoresis is presented as a useful tool to study the activation of the complement system, as an indication of the influence of nanomedicine on the immune system, which is a key parameter to study nanomedicines before in vivo administration, since it will determine the lifetime of the nanomedicine, its fate, and biodistribution [30, 31]. This technique specifically detects the interaction of the nanosystems with the C3 protein. This protein, when activated, is broken into diverse fragments of different shapes and sizes (Fig. 27.7A). 2D immunoelectrophoresis of C3 protein consists of the use of a horizontal agarose protein electrophoresis in two dimensions. In the first dimension, the C3 and its subunits are separated as a function of their molecular weight (the smaller the fragment, the further it migrates), while in the second dimension, they are separated as a function of their concentration (the higher the concentration, the further they run) (Fig. 27.6C shows an example of a C3 activated material).
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The following laboratory tests were performed. Complete blood count, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, blood urea nitrogen, serum protein, protein electrophoresis, immunoglobulins (IgE, IgG, IgA, IgM), total hemolytic and serum complements (C3 and C4), prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelets, Lee and White clotting time, calcium, phosphorus, fibrinogen, fibrinolysins, fibrin split products, glucose, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and C1 esterase inhibitor were obtained upon entrance into room at the beginning and at the end of testing; C3 and C4 were done daily during the period of fasting. Biopsies were taken of the spontaneous bruises and petechial hemorrhages.
Vestibular and Related Oculomotor Disorders
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Nicholas J. Cutfield, Adolfo M. Bronstein
Peripheral neuropathy may present, less commonly, as unsteadiness on walking, especially in the dark, rather than numbness or pain in the feet. The list of causes is long, with diabetes, alcohol and renal disease among the most commonly identified. The screening tests include glucose levels (diabetic neuropathy), haematology with sedimentation rate, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein (inflammatory and haematological causes), electrolytes, liver function, serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation (paraprotein), serum Immunoglobulins, B and folate (deficiencies), as well as thyroid function and autoimmune screening (hypothyroidism, Sjögren’s syndrome and other autoimmune disorders). Referral to a neurologist or a diabetologist with a specific interest in diabetic neuropathy is appropriate, and findings can be confirmed with nerve conduction studies.
Large-scale purification of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Pichia pastoris with non-affinity chromatographic methods as a substitute to immunoaffinity chromatography
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini, Amin Javidanbardan, Behnaz Sadat Alizadeh Salim, Maryam Khatami
To determine the dynamic adsorption performance, the breakthrough curves were measured by monitoring UV absorbance. We characterized the samples by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) on 12% gel.[34–36] As for size standards in protein electrophoresis, we used Thermo Scientific Unstained Protein Molecular Weight Markers which were a mixture of seven purified proteins (β-galactosidase, Bovine serum albumin, Ovalbumin, Lactate dehydrogenase, REase Bsp98I, Lysozyme). The homogeneity of rHBsAg was detected by Size Exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (SEC-HPLC) with TSK-PW3000 column.[37] The total protein concentration of collected samples was measured according to Bradford assay using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as the standard.[36,37] We also determined the rHBsAg concentration by sandwich ELISA where sheep polyclonal antibodies against rHBsAg were coated on the plate and conjugated with horseradish peroxidase.[11] Moreover, TEM image (EM900, ZEISS, Germany) was used to analyze the structure of rHBsAg VLPs.