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Biomolecules from Microalgae for Commercial Applications
Published in Kalyan Gayen, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Sunil K. Maity, Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application, 2019
Meghna Rajvanshi, Uma Shankar Sagaram, G. Venkata Subhash, G. Raja Krishna Kumar, Chitranshu Kumar, Sridharan Govindachary, Santanu Dasgupta
Apart from a superior AA profile, another important aspect of proteins from algae utilized as a food source is their protein quality. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and WHO, the protein quality is determined by the essential AA profile (which should match the requirements of the body), its digestibility and the bioavailability of the AAs (Gurevich 2014). Multiple methods are available to estimate protein quality: protein efficiency ratio (PER), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU), protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS). Since 1989, PDCAAS has been the most recommended method by the FAO-WHO for protein quality evaluation. The PDCAAS of egg, whey and soy proteins are in the range of 0.9 to 1. In 2013, the FAO-WHO proposed replacing PDCAAS with DIAAS to address individual dietary AA digestibility (Lee et al. 2016). DIAAS can overcome the limitations of PDCAAS; however, the applicability of DIAAS will largely depend on sufficient research data in favor of DIAAS (Leser 2013).
Production and characterization of yeast extracts produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii and Kluyveromyces marxianus
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Furkan Demirgül, Ömer Şimşek, Fatih Bozkurt, Enes Dertli, Osman Sağdıç
Protein hydrolysis of yeast extracts was carried out with 6 N HCl at 110 °C for 24 h. 2 mM phenol to prevent oxidation; 2% DTDPA (dithiodipropionic acid) solution was added to optimize the recovery of cystine, methionine and tyrosine. All amino acids were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity II, Agilent Technologies, USA) according to the procedure suggested by the manufacturer.[23] A total of 23 amino acids were studied and results are expressed in grams per 100 g of protein. Similar to Vieira et al.,[24] to estimate the nutritive properties of yeast extracts, the essential amino acid index calculated by considering the essential amino acids in the standard protein as described by the FAO/WHO[25] and the chemical score and protein efficiency ratio (PER) was calculated using the following equations developed by Lee et al.:[26]
Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ka Yan Man, Ka Lai Chow, Yu Bon Man, Wing Yin Mo, Ming Hung Wong
After the high temperature pyrolysis, oxygen and hydrogen, including the oxygenated surface functioning groups (carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups), left from the carbonized biomass as pyrolysis temperature increases and aromatic carbon structures of biochar started to form at 400 °C (Kim et al., 2012). The increased temperature also resulted in smaller biochar particles, and particle size is one of the major considerations in applying biochar as a feeding supplement in ruminant diets (Kim et al., 2012; McFarlane et al., 2017). Fine particle size led to higher forage digestibility and increased rumen fermentation kinetics compared with coarse biochar particles (McFarlane et al., 2017). In addition, higher pyrolytic temperature also altered the nutrient composition of biochar. Naeem, Khalid, Arshad, and Ahmad (2014) reported that the nutrients, including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese increased with the heating temperature, except nitrogen, which declined as the pyrolytic temperature rose from 300 up to 500 °C (Naeem et al., 2014). These changes are pivotal in applying biochar as feed supplements due to the variations in nutrient needs of different animals. For example, nitrogen content in feeds is essential determinant factor to fish growth (Mo, Man, & Wong, 2018). Thu, Koshio, Ishikawa, & Yokoyama (2009) reported the utilization of nutrients by Tiger Puffer Fish (Takifugu rubripes) after the use of dietary bamboo charcoal in culturing. It is evident that the protein efficiency ratio of the fish group fed with 4% bamboo charcoal was significantly higher than those in the control group (Thu et al., 2009).
Growth responses of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed differently boiled periods of rubber (Hevea brasilensis) leaves-based diets
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Despite the substantial level of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the hydrothermally processed leaves of rubber and a significant reduction in the level of crude protein, growth performance of C. gariepinus fed the diets containing hydrothermally processed rubber leaves meal was significantly improved with increased period of boiling. Hydrothermal processing for 10 min resulted in the best final weight, weight gain, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization.