China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Schistosomiasis or bilharziasis (swimmer’s itch) is a disease that is caused by the infection of the venous system by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. The disease is transmitted through the skin and it may be accompanied by inflammation and itching. Hematuria or bloody urine among children is the classical clinical sign of urinary schistosomiasis.6 Urinary infection is caused by S. haematobium which affect the bladder. Intestinal infection is caused by S. japonicum and S. mansoni in the portal venous system that transports blood from the intestines to the liver. S. intercalatum also causes intestinal infections which tends to be localized to West Africa.7 In most endemic communities the prevalence of the infection is highest in 10- to 14-year-old children. In many communities of Africa, over 70% of village school children are infected.6
Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Using a curvilinear array of 2.5–5 MHz, portal vein measurement and assessment in B-mode can be undertaken with the patient in the supine, oblique or decubitus position. Measurement of the portal vein diameter would be taken with the portal vein horizontal across the monitor. The portal vein is assessed not only for AP diameter, but for also internal echoes, suggestive of thrombosis [8]. Evaluation of the flow within the portal vein is best performed with the patient in the decubitus position with the right side raised. This allows intercostal scanning from the right side, to ensure a good Doppler angle (<60°). Both spectral and colourflow Doppler should be used to determine the direction of flow within the portal vein; spectral Doppler images can also assess the velocity of flow within the vessel and determine if there is damping of the waveform, associated with disease of the portal-venous system.
Regulation of Blood Glucose
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
The hormones insulin and glucagon are proteins manufactured in the pancreas, insulin by the beta cells and glucagon by the alpha cells. Insulin consists of two sulfur-linked amino acid chains with a total of 51 amino acids, and it has a molecular weight of 5808. Glucagon is a single chain of 29 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 3485. The molecular structures of both insulin and glucagon are known exactly.59 Both hormones are secreted into the hepatic portal venous system via the pancreaticoduodenal vein. Thus liver cells are the first to receive the secreted insulin and glucagon and generally see higher concentrations of these hormones than are present in the systemic plasma.
A medicolegal approach to the very rare Auto-Brewery (endogenous alcohol fermentation) syndrome
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Protozoa and parasites were not detected in the stool microscopy and no pathological agents were reproduced in the urine culture. In the patient’s liver function tests, ALT, AST and GGT were above normal levels with 108 U/L, 58 U/L and 134 U/L, respectively. Hepatitis B and C markers were negative. In the hepatobiliary ultrasonography and Color Doppler examination of the Portal Venous System, findings were compatible with hepatomegaly and advanced steatosis of the liver. No pathologies were found in the CT of the abdomen. The findings of the upper GIS endoscopy were suggestive of Grade A esophagitis, laxity in the lower esophageal sphincter and erythematous gastritis, and a duodenal aspirate was obtained in an isotonic solution for bacteriological and fungal culture. Pseudomonas were reproduced in the cultures obtained with the duodenal aspirate.