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Conditional Replication of Oncolytic Virus Based on Detection of Oncogenic mRNA
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Rakesh Sharma, Arvind Trivedi, Robert Moffatt
The ideal criteria for a successful oncolytic virus is: (1) it is easily produced, easily manipulated, and selectively lytic to cancer cells; (2) it is systemically deliverable; and (3) it can be safely administered with low intrinsic pathogenicity. Over years, these criteria were met by the adenoviridae oncolytic virus. By contrast, vaccinia and HSV, with large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes that encode hundreds of proteins, require multiple deletions for safety and specificity, while retroviruses pose the theoretical risk of insertional mutagenesis (i.e., insertion of viral genomes into the host genome) (25). For interested readers, the following is a brief summary of oncolytic viruses used in oncolytic therapy (26–46). Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus with a double-stranded, linear DNA genome that forms particles 70–90 nm in size. There are multiple engineered versions in clinical trials, including ONYX-015 and H101. Reovirus is a non-enveloped virus with a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome that forms particles 60–90 nm in size. The type III Dearing strain is in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with cancer. NDV is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome that forms pleiomorphic particles ranging from 150 to 300 nm in size. Its PV701 strain is in clinical development. Poxvirus contains a double-stranded, linear DNA genome and forms particles 200 nm in diameter and 300 nm in length. HSV is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded, linear DNA genome that forms particles 150–200 nm in size. Many engineered versions of HSV strains G207, 1716 and NV 1020 are in clinical development. Picornaviruses are a family of non-enveloped viruses with single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes that form particles that range from 18 to 30 nm in size. The coxsackie viruses and engineered versions of poliovirus are used in oncolytic therapy. Myxoma, vesicular stomatitis and vaccinia viruses are family members that are under therapeutic development in mouse models.
Activated sludge and UV-C254 for Sapovirus, Aichivirus, Astrovirus, and Adenovirus processing
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Chourouk Ibrahim, Salah Hammami, Nesserine khelifi, Pierre Pothier, Abdennaceur Hassen
Because the pathogen prefers subclinical infections, the Aichivirus (AiVs) is an enteric agent that only causes a small percentage of gastroenteritis outbreaks (Rivadulla and Romalde 2020). AiVs is a member of the Picornaviridae family and the Kobuvirus genus. It is a small, non-enveloped virus with an icosahedral-symmetric capsid. Its single-stranded RNA gene codes a poly (A) chain and a positive-sense (8280 nucleotides). In the AiVs genome, there was a 50 untranslated region (UTR) with 744 nucleotides, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that promoted the direct translation of the polyprotein, and a viral genomic protein (VPg) that replaced the methylated nucleotide cap structure; and a poly (A) tail, 237 nucleotides of the 30 UTR region, and an open reading frame (ORF) (Sabin et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2016). Aichivirus A (formerly known as Aichi virus), Aichivirus B (Bovine Kobuvirus), Aichivirus C (Porcine Kobuvirus), Aichivirus D (Kagovirus from black cattle), Aichivirus E (Rabbit picornavirus), and Aichivirus F (Bat Kobuvirus) are the six recently renamed species that are the genus Kobuvirus (Adams et al. 2017; Zell 2017; Rivadulla and Romalde 2020).
Preparation and characterization of polyoxyethylene dehydrated mannitol mono oleate as hydrophilic emulsifier potentially used in w/o/w type adjuvants
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Mengmeng Zhou, Yantao Li, Xiaoqi Chen, Haijun Zhou, Shulan Yang, Xiongwei Qu
Infectious diseases constitute major threats to livestock and the animal production industry worldwide.[1,2] Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious disease that forms vesicular eruptions on the feet and mouths of animals with divided hooves, including swine, cattle and small ruminants.[3–7] The Foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus, including seven major serotypes, A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 and Asia 1, as well as many subtypes.[8] The disease is characterized by high fever and vesicular lesions on the mouth, tongue, nose and feet. While most animals recover from the disease, outbreaks typically result in severe economic losses to the livestock industry and long-term quarantines to exports from infected areas.[9] In endemic or high-risk regions, prophylactic vaccination is the primary control measure for disease prevention.[10] However, the efficacy of currently used inactivated FMD vaccines is not optimal and novel vaccine formulations are needed.