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Nanostructures for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Herbal Medicines
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
A patented technology called Phytosome® utilizes the phospholipid-herbal extract complex to enhance the oral bioavailability of the active phytochemicals. Phytosome® technology emerged in the year 1989 in Italy after it was observed that certain polyphenols exhibit strong bonding affinity for phospholipids in their intact plant tissue (Kidd, 2009). The term “phyto” means “plants” and “somes” means “cell-like”. By complexing a polyphenol with a phospholipid, mainly phosphatidylcholine (PC), an intermolecular bonding between the individual polyphenol molecules and molecules of the PC was created. Since the PC is an amphipathic molecule, having a positively charged head group and two neutrally charged tail groups, it is miscible in both water and lipid environments. As a result, the polyphenol-PC complex Phytosome makes the polyphenol more suitable to cross the GI tract lumen (Kidd, 2009). Moreover, PC is also the main phospholipid that constitutes the major part of the lipid-bilayer biological membrane. The Phytosome shuttles the enwrapped polyphenols across the membrane into the cells, enhancing the blood levels of polyphenol constituents by factors of at least 2–6 times (Ajazuddin & Saraf, 2010; Kidd, 2009). A Phytosome differs from a liposome in that a liposome has hundreds of phospholipid molecules aggregated to form a spherule, within which other molecules are compartmentalized without specific bonding, whereas in the Phytosome the phosphatidyl molecules effectively enwrap a polyphenol molecule (Figure 7.3). Also, while the liposome concept remains unproven as an oral delivery vehicle, the Phytosome is known to dramatically enhance the bioavailability following oral delivery (Kidd, 2009).
Nanophytomedicines as an Emerging Platform for Drug Delivery
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Arjunan Karuppaiah, Sankar Veintramuthu, Muthiah Ramanathan
Typically, phytosome formulations include the molecular complex and chemical bonding between phosphatidylcholine and plant materials. However, liposomes being macromolecules make thousands of chemical bonding with phosphatidylcholine to enclose water-soluble molecules. In a recent study, researchers have developed and characterized a phytosome-containing ethanolic extract of both A. indicum and P. longum to enhance to enhance their pharmacological actions as well as safety of the herbal preparation (Sharma et al. 2016).
Phytosomal gel of Manjistha extract (MJE) formulated and optimized with central composite design of Quality by Design (QbD)
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Mohamad Taleuzzaman, Ali Sartaj, Dipak Kumar Gupta, Sadaf Jamal Gilani, Mohd. Aamir Mirza
Various combinations of Manjistha phytosomal gels (MJG1–MJG3) were primarily inspected for color, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, phase separation, and drug content for the development of suitable gel formulation. Many advantages of phytosome gel include enhancing dosage and promoting bioavailability of the active molecule.[36] It was found that the MJG2 (1% Carbopol gel) was transparent, of good homogeneity, consistency, and no phase separation, as shown in Table 5. It is safe for the skin and expects no irritation and discomfort after its application. The optimized gel was then subjected to further characterization.