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The Biology of Vestimentiferan Tubeworms
Published in R.N. Gibson, R.J.A. Atkinson, J.D.M. Gordon, Harold Barnes, Oceanography and Marine Biology, 2010
Monika Bright, François H. Lallier
Figure 3 shows the geographic and habitat distribution of known species on vent and seep sites around the world, based on the species and references list in Table 1. Cold-seep Vestimentifera have been found in all oceans to date except in the Indian Ocean (although Paraescarpia echinospica has been reported at a seep site of the Java Trench; Southward et al. 2002). In contrast, vent vestimentiferan tubeworms are only known from Pacific hydrothermal vents, with the crown group species limited to the eastern Pacific. An interesting parallel exists between the western and eastern Atlantic: Escarpia southwardae found in the Gulf of Guinea is close to E. laminata (western Atlantic) and to E. spicata (eastern Pacific), suggesting an eastward route from the Pacific to the Atlantic (Van Dover et al. 2002, Schulze 2003, Andersen et al. 2004). This may be tentatively explained by larval dispersion and patterns of deep oceanic currents, which at present flow mainly from the Atlantic to the Pacific due to physical and geographical constraints (Van Dover et al. 2002). However, large areas are still poorly explored; the subduction zones of the eastern Pacific, the South Atlantic and Indian ridges and the circum-Antarctic ridges deserve more exploration. If vestimentiferan tubeworms are found in these areas, these data should yield important information regarding phylogeography of extant vent species. So far, mapping biogeographical data onto phylogeny (Schulze 2003) leads to ambiguous conclusions, except for the recent radiation of vent species on the East Pacific Rise (EPR).
Thirty years of ancient DNA and the faunal biogeography of Aotearoa New Zealand: lessons and future directions
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
Alexander J. F. Verry, Pascale Lubbe, Kieren J. Mitchell, Nicolas J. Rawlence
An exciting application of palaeoenvironmental DNA techniques is ‘bulk bone metabarcoding’, which focuses on determining the taxonomic composition of randomised samples of non-diagnostic bone – ‘frag bags’ – from archaeological and palaeontological excavations (e.g. Murray et al. 2013). Not only is bulk bone metabarcoding able to determine the previously unrecognised presence and absence of species in these deposits (including species not usually morphologically preserved; e.g. sharks, rays, freshwater fish, small birds), but quantitative haplotype data can also be obtained, enabling the past phylogeography of species to be reconstructed (Seersholm et al. 2018). Grealy et al. (2015) used this method to document the presence of eight different avian families within a single palaeontological site in Canterbury, while Seersholm et al. (2018), conducted a nationwide bulk bone metabarcoding survey of both palaeontological and archaeological sites, reconstructing the past subsistence strategies of Māori and showing that kākāpō from the North and South Island were genetically distinct and the species underwent two consecutive bottlenecks in response to the arrival of Polynesians and then Europeans (cf. Bergner et al. 2016). Future studies utilising ancient DNA from multiple sources (including palaeoenvironmental DNA and novel substrates) will enable researchers to investigate past evolutionary patterns and processes at the ecosystem/community level (Dussex, Bergfeldt et al. 2021) facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of anthropogenic, climatic, and environmental influences on New Zealand’s biodiversity.
Phylogeography reveals the complex impact of the Last Glacial Maximum on New Zealand’s terrestrial biota
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
Katharine A. Marske, Sarah L. Boyer
Phylogeography, described as the bridge between population genetics and systematics (Avise et al. 1987), provides a tool for exploring the geography of diversification that is ripe for integration with evidence from other disciplines (Hickerson et al. 2010), such as the timing of geological events (Craw et al. 2016), paleo-records such as sub-fossils or pollen (Shepherd et al. 2007), or complementary methods such as Ecological Niche Models (ENMs; Marske et al. 2012). While phylogeographic patterns have traditionally ranged from detection of intraspecific genetic lineages to clarifying the evolutionary relationships among recently diverged sister species, an increase in the diversity of genetic/genomic tools is broadening the purview of phylogeography to include features of landscape genetics (Rissler 2016) and phylogenetics (Edwards et al. 2016). Indeed, defining phylogeography as distinct from these other disciplines is particularly complicated for New Zealand, where divergences among sister species (e.g. Baker et al. 2020) and even among intraspecific lineages (Marske et al. 2011; Tardelli Canedo et al. 2021) can exceed millions of years. Here, we largely restrict our focus to the impacts of Pleistocene glaciation on New Zealand’s flora and fauna, although that necessarily includes discussion of diversification events initiated before the glacial period.