China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Effects of Bioremediation on Toxicity, Mutagenesis, and Microbiota in Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soils
Published in Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Remediation of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Soils, 2018
Bulich and Isenberg18,19 described a simple, inexpensive, and rapid bacterial assay for determining toxicity in aquatic environments. This bioassay, designated as Microtox,20 is based on monitoring changes in light emission by the luminescent Photobacterium phosphoreum when challenged with a toxic substance. The degree of toxicity is measured as the effective concentration of a test sample that causes a 50 percent decrease in light output (EC50). As in the case of LD50, higher EC50 values indicate lower toxicity, while lower EC50 values indicate higher toxicity. The Microtox test showed good correlation with traditional invertebrate and vertebrate toxicity tests.21
Trace Metals in Freshwater Sediments: A Review of the Literature and an Assessment of Research Needs
Published in Michael C. Newman, Alan W. McIntosh, Metal Ecotoxicology, 2020
Since 1984, a number of acute and chronic toxicity tests on sediments have been conducted using the organisms suggested by Nebeker et al.35-38 In addition, considerable effort has been expended to determine the suitability of other groups of organisms for use in sediment toxicity evaluations. Bacterial tests proposed include MICROTOX, a luminescence bioassay utilizing Photobacterium phosphoreum.39-41 Others have proposed the use of measures of microbial activity to assess sediment toxicity. For example, Burton et al.42 employed a suite of enzyme measurements to determine indigenous microbial activity in sediments from contaminated areas of Lake Michigan.
Freshwater Sediment Quality Criteria: Toxicity Bioassessment
Published in Renato Baudo, John P. Giesy, Herbert Muntau, Sediments:, 2020
Criteria for classifying the causes and intensity of the toxic effects of sediments are necessary to 1) regulate releases of chemicals to aquatic systems, 2) determine the causes of observed effects and identify sources of effects, 3) determine which sediments exhibit unacceptable effects on benthic and pelagic organisms, 4) set priorities for remedial action, and 5) determine the most appropriate remedial actions. Assessment of the effects of contaminants in sediment environments is complicated by the fact that organisms can be exposed, simultaneously, to multiple toxicants as well as naturally occurring extremes of pH, dissolved oxygen, and redox potential. A number of methods have been suggested to set sediment toxicity (quality) criteria. Each of the proposed methods has positive and negative attributes. Here we discuss the relative merits of each approach and present in detail the rationale and methods for the bioassay approach. We propose the use of a battery of rapid, simple, reproducible bioassays in conjunction with chemical and physical manipulations to determine the intensity and causes of toxicity of sediments. The assays recommended for inclusion in the screening battery for evaluation of sediment toxicity are: 1) the bioluminescence inhibition test with Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox®), 2) an algal assay using Selenastrum capricornutum Prinz, 3) a benthic invertebrate chronic growth test with Chironomus tentans, and 4) an acute lethality test with the cladoceran Daphnia magna. Finally, we propose a toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) procedure which uses selective fractionations and chemical and physical adjustments of sediment porewaters to isolate and identify the primary toxic agents in sediments.
A systematic review of the water treatment sludge toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic biota: state of the art and management challenges
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Aline Christine Bernegossi, Bárbara Luíza Souza Freitas, Gleyson B. Castro, Jéssica Pelinsom Marques, Liliane Folli Trindade, Mara R. de Lima e Silva, Mayara C. Felipe, Allan Pretti Ogura
Concerning the microbial biota, George et al.[31] analyzed the ecotoxicity of ten different WTS diluted in the respective receiving waterbody and found the EC50 ranging from 54% to 85% for Photobacterium phosphoreum in three WTS; the other seven did not present significant toxic effects. Yuan et al.[46] analyzed the WTS and its mixture with lake sediments, and the analyzed WTS was non-hazardous for the bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri. For the same bacteria species, Szara et al.[7] concluded that the mixture of WTP with sediment (1:3) presented low toxic effects, with a 48% luminescence inhibition. Photobacterium phosphoreum and A. fischeri are bioluminescent marine bacteria used in ecotoxicity studies.