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Bioluminescence
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Michael Conway, Tingting Xu, Amelia Brumbaugh, Anna Young, Dan Close, Steven Ripp
The third type of bioluminescent chemistry is endogenous to beetles, including fireflies. The beetle luciferin is called d-luciferin, a benzothiazoyl-thiazole, which is structurally distinct from coelenterazine. The monomeric firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase (Fluc) requires ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and oxygen to complete oxidation of d-luciferin and results in a peak emission of 560 nm (de Wet et al., 1987). However, peak emission wavelength is species-specific and can be above 600 nm as in the case of Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus (click beetle red) and Phrixothrix hirtus (railroad worm) (Xu et al., 2016). Because a common substrate is used, these emission differences are the result of luciferase structure (Wilson and Hastings, 1998). Luciferase amino acid changes have a strong influence on the emitted wavelength because the changes distinctly manipulate the geometries of the excited reaction intermediates, which in turn influences relaxation kinetics and emission wavelengths (Wilson and Hastings, 1998). This concept can be applied to substrate structure, where specific moieties also influence reaction intermediates. Indeed, synthetic luciferases and luciferin analogs have been zealously developed to improve wavelength emission spectra, among other properties (Adams and Miller, 2014; Evans et al., 2014).
Bioluminescence- and Chemiluminescence-Based Fiberoptic Sensors
Published in Loïc J. Blum, Pierre R. Coulet, Biosensor Principles and Applications, 2019
Loïc J. Blum, Sabine M. Gautier
The bioluminescence reaction of the American firefly Photinus pyralis has been extensively studied and well reviewed by DeLuca and McElroy (1–3). In vitro, firefly luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7) catalyzes the production of light in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, molecular oxygen, and a specific substrate, luciferin. The complex mechanism of the reaction is not yet completely understood, but the overall stoichiometry has been established: () ATP+luciferin+O2→Mg2+luciferaseAMP+oxyluciferin+PPi+CO2+hv
Lab-on-a-Chip-Based Devices for Rapid and Accurate Measurement of Nanomaterial Toxicity
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Mehenur Sarwar, Amirali Nilchian, Chen-zhong Li
Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence represent similar phenomena. Because of a series of chemical reactions, reactive compounds give rise to a molecule which is in an electronically excited state. Ultimately, the excited molecule returns to its ground states (lower energy level) and emits characteristic photons of light. In fact, bioluminescence is a subcategory of chemiluminescence, where the source of emission is a bio-molecule. For example, a class of different bio-compounds called Luciferin are the source of bioluminescence in several living organisms. Light-emitting Luciferin molecules reach their excited state as a result of oxidative-chemical reactions. Typically, an enzyme from a class of oxidative-enzymes called Luciferase couples with the corresponding Luciferin molecule to catalyse the reaction. In summary, chemiluminescence is the emission of light due to chemical reactions while bioluminescence is the emission of light from living organisms (Mirasoli et al. 2014; Roggo and van der Meer 2017).
Assays and enumeration of bioaerosols-traditional approaches to modern practices
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2020
Maria D. King, Ronald E. Lacey, Hyoungmook Pak, Andrew Fearing, Gabriela Ramos, Tatiana Baig, Brooke Smith, Alexandra Koustova
One of the potential methods to reduce processing time in bioaerosol analysis is the bioluminescence-based technique that detects the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic energy molecule present in all types of living organisms. The method uses the firefly enzyme luciferase to catalyze a reaction between its substrate D-luciferin and ATP, causing luciferin to emit photons in the 500 nm range (Karl 1980). Since the intensity of produced light is directly proportional to the ATP content (which is proportional to biomass), it is possible to quantify microbial biomass by measuring the ATP content using bioluminescence. The ATP method was used successfully for the rapid characterization of bioaerosol sampling devices when collecting bacterial aerosols in various environments (Seshadri et al. 2009; Park et al. 2014).