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Liposome NanocarrierSynthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Phospholipids consist of glycerol or sphingosine, fatty acids, alcohol, and a phosphate group (Figure 4.1). Phospholipids are classified as glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids. Phospholipids which contain glycerol are said to be glycerophospholipids, and they are classified as phosphatidyl choline (lecithin; PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (cephalin; PE), phosphatidyl serine (PS), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), DOPE (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine), and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG). Phospholipids which contain amino alcohol instead of glycerol are known as sphingophospholipids. The most common phopholipid used is phosphatidyl choline. They are not soluble in water or any aqueous media, and they exist in closely planar sheets to minimize unwanted interaction between the aqueous phase and the fatty acid chain (Daraee et al., 2014; Dua et al., 2012).
Application of Polymer Drugs to Medical Devices and Preparative Medicine
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
M.R. Aguilar, L. García-Fernández, M.L. López-Donaire, F. Parra, L. Rojo, G. Rodríguez, M.M. Fernández, J. San Román
The membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is composed of 70%–80% of phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) and 20%–25% of negatively charged lipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or cardiolipin (CL) (Glukhov et al., 2005), whereas the membrane of the Gram-positive bacteria are formed mainly by anionic lipids, such as 70% of PG, 12% of PEA, and 4% of CL (Epand et al., 2006).
Liposomal Drug Delivery System and Its Clinically Available Products
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Upendra Bulbake, Nagavendra Kommineni, Wahid Khan
In phosphatidylglycerol, the phosphate moiety esterifies the alcohol, which forms glycerol. Phosphatidylglycerol is found as a natural component of the lung surfactant of humans. It is synthesized by exchanging head group of a phosphatidylcholine-enriched phospholipid using the phospholipase D enzyme. Phosphatidylglycerol in the physiological pH range possesses a permanent negative charge.
Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant peptide Melittin-Thanatin with three glycine to tryptophan mutations
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Yong Liu, Xiuping Zhang, Chunyan Meng, Shengyue Ji, Kangkang Guo
Liposomes with encapsulated glucose were prepared from phosphatidylethanol (PHE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin (CA) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Arizona, USA) with phospholipid compositions resembling those cells of E. coli (PHE:PG: CA, 7:2:1; molar ratio of PPC liposomes). To prepare PPC liposomes, PHE:PG:CA, 7:2:1 was dissolved in chloroform on the flask wall to form a dry lipid film. The membranes were dried overnight at room temperature with a stream of nitrogen. Then, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF; Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) as a leakage marker was added to 10 mmol/L Tris buffer (pH 7.4) at a self-quenching concentration of 100 mmol·L−1, containing 5 mmol·L−1 glucose), and then resuspend the lipids in treated TRIS buffer. Liposomes were prepared by 10 freeze-thaw cycles between liquid nitrogen followed by vortexing at 62 °C. Liposome polydispersity was reduced by extruding through a polycarbonate filter with 100 nm pores using an Avanti Micro-Extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids). Thus, unilamellar liposomes with a diameter of about 110 nm were obtained.
The enigma of environmental organoarsenicals: Insights and implications
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Xi-Mei Xue, Chan Xiong, Masafumi Yoshinaga, Barry Rosen, Yong-Guan Zhu
The biosynthesis of AsSugPLs is predicted to start from Oxo-Gly with or without the formation of the intermediate Oxo-PO4 (Fig. 1F) (Zhu et al., 2017b). Diacylglycerol and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol derived from phosphatidic acid serve as intermediates in the membrane phospholipid biosynthesis. Diacylglycerol is converted into phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylthreonine, whereas cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol is a precursor for phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylserine in the prokaryotes (Jennings & Epand, 2020). However, whether AsSugPLs are synthesized from either Oxo-Gly and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol or Oxo-PO4 and diacylglycerol is not clear yet. In addition, the biosynthesis of AsSugPLs likely takes place at the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, similar to lipid biosynthesis.
Exploration of green integrated approach for effluent treatment through mass culture and biofuel production from unicellular alga, Acutodesmus obliquus RDS01
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Silambarasan Tamil Selvan, Balasubramani Govindasamy, Sanjivkumar Muthusamy, Dhandapani Ramamurthy
The lipid content extracted from A. obliquus was analyzed by TLC in order to identify the lipid profile. Figure 7 shows the lipid pattern with 13 major spots, which were used for further analysis (Table 4). The selectively isolated lipid spots were chromatographed and compared with standard lipids using the solvent system (3:2) comprised of cyclohexane and ethyl acetate. According to the Rf values: 0.08, 0.10, 0.16, 0.19, 0.22, 0.24, 0.27, 0.34, 0.36, 0.39, 0.41, 0.43, 0.51, and 0.54, the spotted lipids were assumed as diacylglycerol (1,3-DAG and 1,2-DAG); TAG; Glycolipid; Digalactosyldiacylglycerol; Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol; Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol; Phospholipid; Diacylglycerol- N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine; Phosphatidylcholine; Phosphatidylethanolamine; Phosphatidylglycerol; Cardiolipin and Phosphatidic acid, respectively from the pilot scale treatment of alga. Similarly, Kim et al. (2000) have reported several lipids from the alga, Pyrocystis lunula namely phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Also, Hu et al. (2013) examined the total lipid extracted from Coelastrella sp. and they have identified cholesteryl esters, TAG, FFA; cholesterols, phospholipids on TLC. Likewise, Zhu et al. (2014) extracted the lipid content from Nannochloropsis sp. and separated through TLC analysis. Further, they confirmed the presence of lipids such as TAG, FFA, FAEE, and FAME via TLC. Therefore, the presently extracted lipid content from the alga have evidenced the earlier report.