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Intelligent Ovarian Detection and Classification in Ultrasound Images Using Machine Learning Techniques
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
V. Kiruthika, S. Sathiya, M.M. Ramya
Female infertility is a major and thoughtful concern in today’s world and contributes to about 37% worldwide and 12.5% in India. Among the recognizable causes, it is reported that ovulatory disorders are a main cause of female infertility, contributing to 25% in majority of the infertile women (WHO Technical Report Series, 1992). Ovaries have a fluid filled sac called ovarian follicle in which the mature egg is present. In a normal ovary, the mature egg is released from the follicle during the ovulation process. Ovulatory disorders are due to the failure or irregularity in the ovulation process that occurs in the ovary, resulting in ovarian cysts or polycysts. An ovary with an ovarian cyst is called cystic ovary, and an ovary with polycysts is called polycystic ovary.
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Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Joseph G. Schenker, Aby Lewin, Menashe Ben-David
Anovulation can be due to organic or functional disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary. It is often the result of a combination of factors affecting the hypothalamicpituitary-ovarian axis. From 20 to 25% of the cases of infertility are related to anovulation. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a useful classification of the patients with ovulatory disturbances which rests primarily upon the level of gonadotropins, prolactin, and sex steroids (Figure 5): Hypothalamic pituitary failure: anorexia nervosa, Kalmann’s syndrome and the patient’s present clinical symptoms of primary or secondary amenorrhea. Serum levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol are low. The levels of prolactin are normal.Hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction: serum levels of FSH and LH are within normal range, but the cyclic release of gonadotropins necessary for induction of ovulation is absent. There is evidence for endogenous estrogen production, and prolactin levels are normal. This category may include females with hyperandrogenic activity. The patient may have presenting symptoms of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. This category may include patients with polycystic ovarian disease, amenorrhea associated with loss of weight, exercise, and stress, and patients with corpus luteum insufficiency.Ovarian failure: patients in this group are amenorrheic with elevated gonadotropin levels and no evidence of estrogenic production. The ovarian failure may be due to gonadal dysgenesis, premature menopause, and resistant ovary syndrome.
The obesogen tributyltin induces features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Eduardo Merlo, Ian V. Silva, Rodolfo C. Cardoso, Jones B. Graceli
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology and is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility in women (Dumesic et al. 2015; Norman et al. 2007). In addition to reproductive perturbations, PCOS is associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia (Dunaif 1997; Ehrmann 2005; Essah and Nestler 2006; Franks 1995). Indeed, the incidence of PCOS is higher in overweight and/or obese women (Álvarez-Blasco et al. 2006).