China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Animal studies
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Jenny Zhao, Yebin Jiang, Christopher F Njeh, Roger Bouillon, Piet Geusens, Harry K Genant
MRI shows three-dimensional bone structure and some other tissues at the same time. In the rabbit knee, MRI shows trabecular structure and cartilage. In an osteoarthritis model induced by menisectomy [91] or anterior cruciate ligament transection [92], MRI shows subchondral osteosclerosis and decreased cartilage thickness. MRI also shows osteophytes in a rabbit osteoarthritis model. However, radiographs show only subchondral osteosclerosis, while osteophytes could not be found in a rabbit osteoarthritis model.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Bone can also serve as a reservoir for chemicals such as fluoride, lead, and strontium. It is well known that bone is a major storage site for lead. For example, 90% of lead in the body is found in the skeleton. The deposition and storage of toxic chemicals in bone may or may not be detrimental. Lead is not toxic to bone, but the chronic effects of fluoride deposition in bone is skeletal fluorosis, or osteosclerosis; and radioactive strontium can result in osteosarcoma and other neoplasms.
Drug-eluting implants for the suppression of metastatic bone disease: current insights
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V. Giannoudis
Bone is the third most common site of metastases after the lung and the liver. Bone metastases can be found in up to 70% of the cases, especially with disease progression [1]. Despite the fact that bone metastases have been reported with all types of cancer, bone microenvironment favors particular types, with breast and prostate to be the most common primary cancer origins. Following colonization and homing of cancer cells in the bone, cancer cells can cause a significant imbalance of bone remodeling with unregulated resorption or formation [1-6]. This is mainly triggered by the release of molecules by tumor cells that increase the osteoclastic activity and/or minimizing the function of the osteoblasts resulting in the destruction of the bone [1–6]. These molecules are presented in Figure 1 [1–6]. Clinically this imbalance is seen as osteolytic lesions or osteosclerosis, each characterizing specific cancer types. This alteration of bone microenvironment could lead to bone fragility and microfractures [1,2]. Microfractures and impeding fractures can be a significant cause of pain and disability, which, with further progression of the disease, can lead to a complete fracture. A fracture is a strong negative prognostic factor known to decrease the autonomy, quality of life, and overall survival of the patient [7]. Such patients require longer hospitalization, stronger analgesia and their rehabilitation is slow and challenging [7]. In addition, interruption of the chemotherapy is often required and the risk of infection is significantly high.