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Manufacturing of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines–A case study
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Cristina A. T. Silva, Shantoshini Dash, Amine Kamen
Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, being single-stranded negative-sense enveloped RNA viruses that present a segmented genome composed of seven to eight segments. Although wild virions are pleomorphic, virions that were subjected to multiple passages acquire a roughly spheroidal shape, approximately 100 nm in diameter [7,8]. While influenza A and B viruses (IAVs and IBVs, respectively) are responsible for worldwide recurrent influenza outbreaks and have a similar structure (both presenting eight genome segments), influenza C viruses are more divergent (with only seven genome segments) and cause a less severe disease in humans [9]. More recently, influenza D virus (IDV), a novel influenza C-like virus, was isolated from pigs. Although rare, serological surveys revealed the presence of antibodies against IDV's hemagglutinin in humans working with cattle, species considered as the natural reservoir for IDVs [10]. As ICVs and IDVs account for less severe disease in humans, those will not be further discussed in this chapter.
Environment-Related Infectious Diseases
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
Influenza, or the seasonal flu, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads in the U.S. through human contact, particularly in the winter. During the twentieth century, four flu pandemics were recorded. The most catastrophic one happened between 1918 and 1919 and was known as the “Spanish Flu”; it affected 20%–40% of the global population and resulted in the death of approximately 50 million people. The Spanish Flu was caused by the H1N1 influenza virus [28]. Influenza viruses are of the genus Orthomyxoviridae, consisting of three types: influenza A, B, and C. Influenza A is the most common type. Different influenza viruses express different hemagglutinin (“H”) and neuraminidase (“N”) proteins on the outer envelope of the virus and these are used to classify the virus. There are 18 and 11 known “H” and “N” variants, respectively [29].
Nanomaterials Application in Biological Sensing of Biothreat Agents
Published in Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Nimmy Srivastava, Application of Nanomaterials in Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, 2021
Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Nimmy Srivastava
➢ Influenza—The virus causing influenza belongs to family Orthomyxoviridae which consist of three genera A, B and C. These three genera in consolidation are liable for causing influenza in human. Reports suggest that genera A and C can infect birds as well as mammals (Knipe and Howley 2001). As they are RNA viruses, they can mutate quickly which has driven evolution in the strains which in recent years are responsible for the appearance of H5N1 and H7N9 (Avian) flue and H1N1 and N3N2 (Swine) flue. To date, the use of influenza viruses as bioagent in biowarfare or bioterrorism cases has not been reported, but its spontaneous outbreak claims the life of 25,000–500,000 people every year.
Condensation sampler efficiency for the recovery and infectivity preservation of viral bioaerosols
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021
Jodelle Degois, Marie-Eve Dubuis, Nathalie Turgeon, Marc Veillette, Caroline Duchaine
Bacteriophages are often used as surrogates for pathogenic human viruses in environmental studies to assess viral particle transport, survival, the efficiency of protective equipment, and disinfection treatments (Agranovski et al. 2005; Dee et al. 2005; Grinshpun, Adhikari, and Honda 2007; Li et al. 2009; Tseng and Li 2006). All surrogates have limits and can produce biases in risk assessment, but these phages have the advantage of being safe for humans and easy to handle in laboratories (Sinclair et al. 2012). In the present study, four tailless bacteriophages were used. MS2 (family of Leviridae, single-stranded RNA) and Phi6 (Cystoviridae, double-stranded RNA) were used as surrogates for RNA viruses, and PR772 (Tectiviridae, double-stranded DNA) and PhiX174 (Microviridae, single-stranded DNA) were used as surrogates for DNA viruses (Table 1). In addition, a strain of influenza A (H1N1) (Orthomyxoviridae, single-stranded RNA) was used as a model for a human virus.