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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Nardine S. Abadeer, Catherine J. Murphy
Due to the great variation in methods of nanoparticle delivery, dosing, and irradiation conditions in photothermal treatment, the cellular responses to photothermal therapy seem to also vary. These particular studies demonstrated that photothermal treatment may result in cancer cell death via apoptosis or necrosis, but oncosis has also been observed. Higher laser powers and pulsed lasers appeared to trigger necrosis, while lower laser powers and continuous wave lasers resulted in apoptosis. Heating with continuous wave lasers, resulting in apoptosis, is the same mechanism observed in traditional hyperthermia. This may potentially be due to similar changes in temperature near cancer cells, which would be influenced by heating conditions. However, gold nanoparticle location on the surface, in the cytoplasm, or at the cell nucleus also influenced photothermal therapy. Further investigations into the effect of irradiation conditions are required to gain a more complete picture of what influences each pathway. One avenue not yet explored is the effects of cancer cell type on the mechanism of death. Differences between death mechanisms in cancer cell types may also be due to the elevation of heat shock proteins and may greatly affect the success of thermal therapy. If scientists are better able to understand the mechanisms and pathways that lead to cell death in a specific type of cancer, photothermal heating conditions can potentially be tailored to enhance the success of cancer treatment.
Preclinical Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles Intended for Cancer Therapeutics
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Anil K. Patri, Marina A. Dobrovolskaia, Stephan T. Stern, Scott E. McNeil
Nanoparticle-induced cell death can occur by either necrosis or apoptosis, processes that can be distinguished both morphologically and biochemically. Morphologically, apoptosis is characterized by perinuclear partitioning of condensed chromatin and budding of the cell membrane to form apoptotic bodies, whereas necrosis is characterized by cellular swelling (oncosis) and blebbing of the cell membrane.109 In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of nanoparticles, such as dendrimers and carbon nanotubes, to induce apoptosis.110–112 In vitro exposure of macrophagelike mouse RAW 264.7 cells to cationic dendrimers led to apoptosis confirmed by morphological observation and the evidence of DNA cleavage.112 Pretreatment of cells with a general caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk) reduced the apoptotic effect of the cationic dendrimer.112 Apoptosis has also been observed in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and T lymphocytes treated with single walled carbon nanotubes, and in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with quantum dots.101,110,113
DNA damage and reticular stress in cytotoxicity and oncotic cell death of MCF-7 cells treated with fluopsin C
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Luan Vitor Alves de Lima, Matheus Felipe da Silva, Virginia Marcia Concato, Débora Berbel Lirio Rondina, Thalita Alves Zanetti, Ingrid Felicidade, Lilian Areal Marques, Sandra Regina Lepri, Ane Stéfano Simionato, Galdino Andrade Filho, Giuliana Castello Coatti, Mário Sérgio Mantovani
Oncosis is a type of death characterized by (1) the presence of cellular and organelles swelling, (2) formation of protrusions in the plasma membrane (blebbing), (3) increased membrane permeability, (4) failure of the plasma membrane ion pumps, (5) ATP depletion, and (6) endoplasmic reticulum dilation (Escobar et al. 2011; Majno and Joris 1995; Weerasinghe and M 2012). Oncosis is associated with pulmonary diseases, liver failure, and, especially, myocardial infarction (Fricker et al. 2018; Loh, Wang, and Liao 2018; Weerasinghe et al. 2013).