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Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
In recent years, the use of the nose-to-brain route (intranasal delivery) of drug administration to effectively deliver therapeutics to the brain has achieved considerable significance. This noninvasive drug-delivery method directly delivers the therapeutics into the brain via bypassing the BBB. The various preclinical and clinical studies have shown that via intranasal delivery, the effective transport of drugs directly from the nasal cavity to the brain can be achieved through the olfactory epithelium (Md et al. 2015). In a study, nanoemulsion of saquinavir mesylate was prepared for brain delivery. Results show that a high in vivo saquinavir concentration level was achieved by nanoemulsion after intranasal administration, as compared to intravenous administration (Mahajan et al. 2014). Similar results were also observed in another study (Chiappetta et al. 2013) (Table 18.1).
The Consumer Perception of Odour
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Ingun Grimstad Klepp, Kirsi Laitala, R. Rathinamoorthy
The sense of smell or olfaction, the ability to perceive odours, is one of the most complex human senses as it depends on unique interactions between the olfactory system and diverse chemical substances. The olfactory system works as a defense mechanism for the human body against malodours and irritants. Much of its function and functionality is still unexplored (Reinarz 2014). The sense of smell is affected by chemical compounds in gaseous form. The olfactory epithelium, located at the top of the nasal cavity on both sides of the nasal septum, is a mucous membrane with olfactory cells, a type of nerve cell that is associated with the olfactory region of the brain. Similar to taste, the sense of smell is a chemical sense. The olfactory cells are stimulated only by volatile substances, i.e., by substances that evaporate and release molecules into the air. The odorants bind to odour receptors on the olfactory cells. This will trigger a biochemical reaction chain that leads to a nerve impulse, which in turn is sent to the brain (Winther 2018).
Welfare Effect
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
The olfactory function in humans consists of two different organs found in the nose. The olfactory epithelium (found in the highest part of the nose) consists of millions of receptor cells that connect directly to the olfactory bulbs of the brain. The free endings of trigeminal nerves distributed throughout the nasal cavity serve as a secondary organ of smell. Trigeminal nerves respond to odoriferous substances that cause irritation, tingling, or burning. The chemical senses that correspond to these two olfactory organs are not easily separated, with many odoriferous substances or odorants stimulating both systems. They stimulate different parts of the brain and therefore have different effects. The major function of the trigeminal nerve system is to stimulate reflex actions such as sneezing or the interruption of breathing when the body is exposed to potentially harmful substances.
Effect of head impacts and chemical irritation on elite athletes’ olfaction
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Iida-Kaisa Manninen, Laura K. Mäkinen, Pippa Laukka, Tuomas Klockars, Karin Blomgren
For odour sensation, the odorant needs to reach the olfactory epithelium at the top of the nasal cavity. At the epithelium, the odour molecules bind to a receptor, causing the activation of a single nerve cell that runs through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. At the olfactory bulb, the nerve cell synapses with other neurons (Leopold & Holbrook, 2010).