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Whole-Body Fluorescence Imaging in Cancer Research
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Marina V. Shirmanova, Diana V. Yuzhakova, Maria M. Lukina, Alena I. Gavrina, Aleksandra V. Meleshina, Ilya V. Turchin, Elena V. Zagaynova
Cancer studies with the use of fluorescent proteins are generally performed on human tumor xenografts transplanted into immunodeficient mice. However, the development of tumor therapies based on the activation of antitumor immunity requires highly immunogenic tumor models growing in the immunocompetent animals. It is known that fluorescent proteins, such as GFP, EGFP, and KillerRed, possess such immunogenic properties (Stripecke et al., 1999; Steinbauer et al., 2003; Castano et al., 2006; Yuzhakova et al., 2015). In a study of the therapeutic effects of the soluble OX40 ligand (OX40L), we used EGFP-expressing murine colon cancer transplanted to BALB/c mice and obtained an effective tumor rejection and the development of immunological memory in the treated animals (Serebrovskaya et al., 2016). In our tumor model, the OX40L was genetically encoded in the cancer cells and coexpressed with EGFP; therefore, fluorescence imaging of the tumors enabled not only monitoring of the tumor regression but also the intravital control of OX40L production. Figure 21.5 illustrates the regression of a tumor coexpressing EGFP and OX40L and the progression of tumors expressing EGFP alone.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
In contrast to lung and gut, TSLP elicits ILC2 non-mediated IL-33 and IL-25 responses in skin and skin-draining lymph nodes. This promotes skin inflammation and ILC2 expansion in sensitized skin (Kim et al. 2013; Leyva-Castillo et al. 2020), promoting high IL-5 and IL-13 levels observed in individuals with AD. ILC2-derived IL13 promotes keratinocyte proliferation and expression of T-cell attracting chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 (Leyva-Castillo et al. 2020). ILC2s might also express OX40L, which is related to local Th2 cell differentiation, producing epidermal hyperplasia and accumulation of CD4+ T-cell in acute and chronic antigen-driven allergic skin inflammation (Leyva-Castillo et al. 2020; Rafei-Shamsabadi et al. 2019). In this manner, TSLP is a characteristic promoter of atopic inflammation leading to chronic Th2 inflammatory responses (Boguniewicz and Leung 2011; Klonowska et al. 2018). The TSLP produced by keratinocytes plays a crucial role in promoting allergen sensitization in the skin, which ultimately triggers the “atopic march” leading to allergic asthma (Leyva-Castillo et al. 2013).