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Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Lung Imaging and CADx, 2019
Alison Wenholz, Ikenna Okereke
Screening with LDCT has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality by about 20% compared to standard chest X-ray among high-risk adults. Currently, the most frequent stage of diagnosis of lung cancer is stage IV. This is a significantly more advanced stage of diagnosis compared to breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, all of which are most frequently diagnosed in early stages. Private insurers have made coverage of annual LDCT scans in high-risk patients mandatory. Under the Affordable Care Act, Medicare covers LDCT but requires counseling and shared decision making with a physician before reimbursement for the scan. Without insurance, an LDCT scan has a median charge of $241 [23]. This is significantly less than the cost of treating end-stage lung cancer, which can cost up to $25,000 during the initial months after diagnosis [24, 25]. In 2015, the United States spent $13.4 billion treating lung cancer [3]. One study followed patients for 47 months after they were diagnosed with lung cancer and concluded that the average treatment cost was $282,000 per person [25]. Annual LDCT screening for lung cancer in high-risk patients reduces the financial burden on patients exponentially by diagnosing lung cancer in its early stages. The therapeutic number needed to treat (NNT) is the number of patients who need to be screened to save one life from the disease. The NNT is 2000 for breast cancer, but the NNT for lung cancer is only 217. Effects of implementation would significantly reduce the financial burden associated with treating stage IV lung cancer, and the low NNT signifies the effectiveness of LDCT scans in reducing the mortality rate of lung cancer [26].
Deep TMS H7 Coil: Features, Applications & Future
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Tal Harmelech, Yiftach Roth, Aron Tendler
The responder results are not only statistically significant but also clinically meaningful, as demonstrated by the effect size expressed in terms of Number Needed to Treat (NNT). Based on the response rates, the effect size as obtained by the NNT = (1/difference in response rates) is 3.7, which means that for every 4 patients treated with the Deep TMS System, 1 subject will have a response due to the device.