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Nanostructured Cellular Biomolecules and Their Transformation in Context of Bionanotechnology
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Bionanotechnology, 2018
Hybridization refers to the method in which molecules of nucleic acid (either single-stranded DNA or RNA) are bound to the complementary sequence, that is, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) or uracil (U) or vice versa and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) or vice versa. Blotting is an important technique to study the hybridization in nucleic acid. The chemical basis for nucleic acid hybridization relies in the reversible helix-coil transition of the nucleic acid, which can associate as a double-stranded or dissociate into a single-stranded polymer based on the physicochemical condition of the surrounding such as temperature, ionic strength, and presence of denaturing agents. Disassociated single-stranded nucleic acid can anneal to complementary sequence forming homologous DNA (Edberg 1985).
2-D Nanofluidic Bioarray for Nucleic Acid Analysis
Published in Šeila Selimovic, Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications, 2017
Abootaleb Sedighi, Lin Wang, Paul C.H. Li
Nucleic acid hybridization techniques feature the use of a probe nucleic acid molecule and a target nucleic acid molecule. Here, probe molecules are usually short single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or oligonucleotides with known sequences; whereas target molecules are prepared from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic extracts. Probe-target hybridization leads to the formation of a double-stranded molecule, called a duplex. The method of DNA bioarray hybridization evolved from Southern blotting technology based on solid-phase hybridization in the early 1990s [1]. This method relies on the immobilization of the probe molecules onto a solid surface to recognize their complementary DNA target sequences by hybridization. Millions of features have been integrated onto a standard glass or silicon slide by microprinting or in situ synthesis of oligonucleotides [2,3]. The relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target solution can be measured from chip hybridization results optically, electrochemically, or radiochemically, with proper detection labels [4]. DNA bioarrays have dramatically accelerated many types of investigations including gene expression profiling, comparative genomic hybridization, protein–DNA interaction studies (chromatin immunoprecipitation), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, as well as nucleic acid diagnostic applications. The progress of DNA bioarray technology during the last couple of years has been summarized in many books and reviews [4–8].
Two-Dimensional Microfluidic Bioarray for Nucleic Acid Analysis
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Nucleic acid hybridization techniques feature the use of a probe nucleic acid molecule to detect a target nucleic acid molecule. Here, probe molecules are usually short single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or oligonucleotides with known sequences; whereas target molecules are prepared from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic extracts. Probe-target hybridization leads to the formation of a double-stranded molecule, called duplex. The concept of DNA microarray was evolved from Southern blotting technology based on solid-phase hybridization in the early 1990s [1]. This method relies on the immobilization of the probe molecules onto the solid surface to recognize their complementary DNA target sequence by hybridization. Up to millions of features have been integrated into a standard glass slide or silicon chip by microprinting or in situ synthesis of oligonucleotides [2,3]. The relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target can be measured from chip-hybridization results optically, electrochemically, or radioactively, with proper detection labels [4]. DNA microarrays have dramatically accelerated many types of investigations including gene expression profiling, comparative genomic hybridization, protein–DNA interaction study (chromatin immunoprecipitation), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection, and nucleic acid diagnostic applications. The advances in DNA microarray technology during the last couple of years have been summarized in many books and reviews [4–8].
Spectrophotometric determination of single-stranded DNA with self-assembly hairpin DNA and silver nanoparticles
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2021
Zhikun Zhang, Qingqing Liu, Xiaojie Ye, Yapeng Cao, Cuixia Hu, Runjing Liu, Yumin Liu
Due to the optical properties for on-site and in real time bioassays, metal nanomaterials are widely used in bioassays, including silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles.[10,11] These materials allow the instantaneous analysis of samples by monitoring changes in the absorbance value. The metal nanoparticle biosensors have seen significant applications for DNA detection with nucleic acid hybridization.[10–13]