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Cognitive technologies
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
While there are over 50 categories of dementia, the most prevalent are Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for 50–70% of all dementia cases; Lewy body disease—up to 20% of cases; and vascular disease—15–20% of all dementia cases, including stroke. Other medical conditions that can also cause dementia include HIV/AIDS, head trauma, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. According to the National Institutes on Aging, the cost of caring for those living in the United States with dementia is about US$100 billion every year. Worldwide, approximately 46.8 million people are living with dementia, with Alzheimer's disease accounting for 70–75% of these cases. This number is projected to almost double every 20 years, reaching 74.7 million in 2030 and 131.5 million in 2050. There are over 9.9 million new cases of dementia each year worldwide, implying one new case every 3.2 seconds. The risk of developing AD increases dramatically with age; almost 50% of individuals over 85 are coping with this disorder (M. J. Prince, 2015).
Mechanobiology in Health and Disease in the Central Nervous System
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Theresa A. Ulrich, Sanjay Kumar
Many CNS diseases are intimately associated with structural changes that would be expected to alter the mechanical properties of the ECM and resident cells. For example, Alzheimer's Disease involves the gradual buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain [121], a process which may affect both macroscopic and microenvironmental mechanics. Enhanced cell proliferation, de novo secretion of ECM proteins, and increased interstitial pressure within tumors increase the mechanical rigidity of tumor tissues relative to normal brain, as visualized by MRI and ultrasound elastography imaging of CNS malignancies [17,122–125]. It has even been hypothesized that some diseases may actually be caused by changes in the brain's mechanical properties; for example, it is thought that loss of tissue tensile strength following infarction can lead to physical obstruction of CSF flow, resulting in normal pressure hydrocephalus [126,127].
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Published in Ioannis Tsougos, Advanced MR Neuroimaging, 2018
Lactate also accumulates in tissues that have poor washout, like cysts (Chang et al., 1998; Mishra et al., 2004) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (Kizu et al., 2001). The aforementioned spectral region between 0.9 ppm and 1.3 ppm represents the methylene (1.3 ppm) and the methyl (0.9 ppm) groups of fatty acids. Fractured proteins and lipid layers become visible only during the breakdown of membranes. Regardless of the exact mechanism, an elevation of lipid resonances indicates cerebral tissue destruction such as infarction (Graham et al., 1992; Mader et al., 2008; Saunders, 2000), acute inflammation (Hayashi et al., 2003; Yeh et al., 2008), and necrosis (Ishimaru et al., 2001; Lai et al., 2008).
The effect of ventricular volume increase in the amplitude of intracranial pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
João Apura, Jorge Tiago, Alexandra Bugalho de Moura, José Artur Lourenço, Adélia Sequeira
Hydrocephalus is a disorder related to abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cerebral ventricles. It occurs with a significant incidence which, in the United States, is estimated to be between 1:1000 to 1:500, as reported in (Linninger et al. 2016). The accumulation of CSF is associated with a volumetric expansion of the ventricles and consequent compression and damage of the brain tissue. Usually, hydrocephalus is associated with an increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) however, it may also occur associated with normal ICP values, a situation described as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Clinically, NPH is of upmost interest being, unlike other cerebral pathologies, an under-diagnosed cause of potential treatable dementia.