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Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Nipah virus: Transmission of Nipah virus to humans may occur after direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs, or from other NiV-infected people. In Malaysia and Singapore, humans were apparently infected with Nipah virus only through close contact with infected pigs. The NiV strain identified in this outbreak appeared to have been transmitted initially from bats to pigs, with subsequent spread within pig populations. Incidental human infections resulted after exposure to infected pigs. No occurrence of person-to-person transmission was reported in this outbreak. Conversely, person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in Bangladesh and India is regularly reported. This is most commonly seen in the family and caregivers of Nipah virus-infected patients. Transmission also occurs from direct exposure to infected bats. A common example is consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated with infectious bat excretions.
Optimal Control of a Nipah Virus Transmission Model
Published in Jyoti Mishra, Ritu Agarwal, Abdon Atangana, Mathematical Modeling and Soft Computing in Epidemiology, 2020
Prabir Panja, Ranjan Kumar Jana
In this chapter, we have studied the transmission dynamics of Nipah virus in pig population and human population. Nipah virus is transmitted to the human population through eating of fruits partially consumed by bats and using water from wells infested by bat. Bats are known to drink toddy that is collected in open containers, and occasionally urinate in it, which makes it contaminated with the virus. To reduce the Nipah virus from human population, two control strategies, namely, vaccination and treatment, have been used. From the theoretical and numerical results, the following conclusions have been drawn: It is observed that the Nipah virus transmission in pig population may be decreased if we can restrict the consumption of fruits partially consumed by bats.It is seen that the Nipah virus transmission in human population may be under control if we can restrict the use of infected pig as a food source for human. Also, it may be under control if we culture the pig far away from the locality of human.Again, it can be concluded that the Nipah virus infection may be removed or disappeared from human population if we can restrict the contact between susceptible human and infected human.If the natural recovery rate of infected pig and infected human gradually increases, then the Nipah virus transmission will be under control.To reduce Nipah virus transmission in human population, combined effects of vaccination and treatment controls must be taken into consideration concurrently.
Artificial neural network for solving the nonlinear singular fractional differential equations
Published in Applied Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 2023
Saeed Althubiti, Manoj Kumar, Pranay Goswami, Kranti Kumar
The study of applications of arbitrary-order integrals, differentials, and mathematical characteristics is done in fractional calculus. The fractional calculus operator is highly appropriate for necessarily suitable with genetic traits and storage. Recently, this topic has gained popularity among scientists due to its extensive use in several branches of engineering, research [1–6] and many others. The investigation of fractional differential equations (FDEs) has received significant interest and is now an evolving research topic. In [7], the authors investigated the stability analysis and system characteristics of the Caputo sense fractional model of Nipah virus transmission. In [8], the human liver is mathematically modeled using the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative and numerically analyzed with real clinical data. In [9], a regularized fractional derivative Ψ -Hilfer is analyzed, as well as various applications. The study of [10] examines a mathematical model for a real-world cholera outbreak employing the Caputo fractional derivative. In [11], within the framework of fractional calculus, the authors examined the dynamics of the motion of an accelerating mass-spring system. Fractional-order differential equations typically have difficulty solving analytically, and their approximations and numerical solutions are of growing interest to researchers. Therefore, it is critical to creating some solid and effective strategies for managing FDEs.
COVID-19: a pandemic challenging healthcare systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander
Intermittent outbreaks of emerging or reemerging zoonoses (i.e. diseases transmitted from animals to humans), for example, the Nipah Virus, another bat virus which causes respiratory symptoms and a deadly encephalitis, but it is not a CoV, and the Ebola Virus Disease, which is also found in bats and primates and not a CoV, however, scientists have not yet pinned the source down; these deadly viral diseases alert scientists to the fact that the health of animals, the condition of the environment, and human health and human-animal interaction are interrelated. A coordinated, multidisciplinary, and cross-sectoral approach for an early response to emergent zoonotic pathogens is necessary to stop the human-to-human transmission of these viral diseases. Since the world has become more connected, emerging, or reemerging viral zoonotic diseases pose a viable and deadly threat, which requires coordination at the local, regional, state, federal, and on the global stage. One Health is collaborative, transdisciplinary, and multisectoral methodology that promotes resolving complicated health threats and almost 50 countries have signed the Global Health Security Agenda initiated in 2014, which fosters collaboration between multiple countries, promoting the One Health methods, and improving capabilities to detect, react, and prevent the risk and spread of highly contagious, potentially deadly diseases (Kelly et al., 2020).
Best practices of highly infectious decedent management: Consensus recommendations from an international expert workshop
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Aurora B. Le, Christopher K. Brown, Shawn G. Gibbs, Alexander Uhrig, Andrew D. Green, Arne Broch Brantsæter, Jocelyn J. Herstein, Angela Vasa, Jill Shugart, Wanda Wilson Egbe, John J. Lowe
The global community has faced a steady cadence of highly infectious disease (HID) events in recent years, many of which have required careful planning for and intensive response to fatality management needs. For example, viral hemorrhagic fever occurrences, such as the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, underscored the critical need to have coordinated decedent management to prevent further transmission. Similarly, the infection of a German funeral home worker handling a Lassa fever decedent highlighted the value of proper training for such scenarios (Shuaib et al. 2014; Ehlkes et al. 2017). Over the last decade, other outbreaks (e.g., Nipah virus) have presented similar, though smaller-scale, challenges around highly infectious decedent management (HIDM).